war world 2 :: essays research papers

Pre WWII Questions Philosophy a lot of thoughts mirroring the social needs and goals of an individual, gathering, class, or framework Quick assault a quick unexpected military hostile, typically by consolidated air and versatile land powers Populace Citizens considered as a gathering Incendiary One who advocates or is viewed as supporting disruption Protect To cause to be in a separated or confined position Neutrality A national approach of keeping away from political or monetary relations with different nations Ambushed To encompass with troops, blockade Vile Suggesting or compromising fiendishness 1. Germany facilitated the 1936 Summer Olympics. How did Hitler utilize the 1936 Olympics to advance his Nazi Party? He utilized them to show the world how incredible Germany after the downturn. He likewise needed to show the German individuals how the various nations were jealous of them. 2. American Jesse Owens’ shocking triumph in the 100 meter race maddened Hitler. How did the triumph break the Nazi purposeful publicity about Aryan matchless quality? It was an all out humiliation to Hitler. By an American winning the race it indicated that Aryans weren’t the best and it irritated Hitler. 3. FDR was an ace of the media. How could he utilize the media to do fight in the Great Depression? FDR utilized the still picture to impact America. He sent photographic artists the nation over to take pictures of basic common individuals. Others see these photos and start to comprehend that everybody around the nation resembles them. This assists individuals with joining since they understand they are largely indistinguishable and it likewise changes the manner in which individuals take a gander at life. 4. How did Hitler use purposeful publicity and the media to accomplish his ideal objectives? Hitler ensures everybody has a radio, if individuals couldn’t manage the cost of a radio Hitler got them one. He set radios on tall shafts in the roads so everybody could hear his messages. So as to result his messages being heard he just had one radio broadcast in the entirety of Germany, which was his guaranteeing individuals just heard one message and before long became affected. war world 2 :: expositions research papers Pre WWII Questions Philosophy a lot of thoughts mirroring the social needs and yearnings of an individual, gathering, class, or framework Raid a quick unexpected military hostile, as a rule by joined air and portable land powers Populace Citizens considered as a gathering Incendiary One who advocates or is viewed as pushing disruption Protect To cause to be in a segregated or secluded position Noninterference A national arrangement of going without political or financial relations with different nations Ambushed To encompass with troops, blockade Vile Suggesting or undermining abhorrent 1. Germany facilitated the 1936 Summer Olympics. How did Hitler utilize the 1936 Olympics to advance his Nazi Party? He utilized them to show the world how incredible Germany after the downturn. He additionally needed to show the German individuals how the various nations were desirous of them. 2. American Jesse Owens’ dazzling triumph in the 100 meter race enraged Hitler. How did the triumph break the Nazi purposeful publicity about Aryan incomparability? It was an absolute shame to Hitler. By an American winning the race it indicated that Aryans weren’t the best and it rankled Hitler. 3. FDR was an ace of the media. How could he utilize the media to do fight in the Great Depression? FDR utilized the still picture to impact America. He sent picture takers the nation over to take pictures of normal common individuals. Others see these photos and start to comprehend that everybody around the nation resembles them. This assists individuals with joining since they understand they are generally indistinguishable and it additionally changes the manner in which individuals take a gander at life. 4. How did Hitler use publicity and the media to accomplish his ideal objectives? Hitler ensures everybody has a radio, if individuals couldn’t bear the cost of a radio Hitler got them one. He put radios on tall posts in the avenues so everybody could hear his messages. So as to result his messages being heard he just had one radio broadcast in the entirety of Germany, which was his guaranteeing individuals just heard one message and before long became affected.

Military Abbreviations Found on US Grave Markers

Military Abbreviations Found on US Grave Markers Numerous military graves are engraved with truncations that mean the unit of administration, positions, awards, or other data on the military veteran. Others may likewise be set apart with bronze or stone plaques gave by the U.S. Veterans Administration. This rundown incorporates the absolute most basic military truncations that might be seen on tombstones and grave markers in American ​cemeteries, both in the United States and abroad. Military Rank BBG - Brevet Brigadier GeneralBGEN - Brigadier GeneralBMG - Brevet Major GeneralCOL - ColonelCPL - CorporalCPT - CaptainCSGT - Commissary SergeantGEN - GeneralLGEN - Lieutenant GeneralLT - Lieutenant1 LT - First Lieutenant (2 LT second Lieutenant, thus on)LTC - Lieutenant ColonelMAJ - MajorMGEN - Major GeneralNCO - Noncommissioned OfficerOSGT - Ordinance SergeantPVT - PrivatePVT 1CL - Private First ClassQM - QuartermasterQMSGT - Quartermaster SergeantSGM - Sergeant MajorSGT - SergeantWO - Warrant Officer Military Unit Branch of Service Workmanship - ArtilleryAC or USA - Army Corps; United States ArmyBRIG - BrigadeBTRY - BatteryCAV - CavalryCSA - Confederate States of AmericaCT - Colored Troops; may go before the branch, for example, CTART for Colored Troops ArtilleryCO or COM - CompanyENG or EM - Engineer; Engineers/MinersFA - Field ArtilleryHA or HART - Heavy ArtilleryINF - InfantryLA or LART - Light ArtilleryMC - Medical CorpsMAR or USMC - Marines; United States Marine CorpsMIL - MilitiaNAVY or USN - Navy; United States NavyREG - RegimentSS - Sharpshooters (or at times Silver Star, see below)SC-Signal CorpsTR - TroopUSAF - United States Air ForceVOL or USV - Volunteers; United States VolunteersVRC - Veteran Reserve Military Service Medals Awards AAM - Army Achievement MedalACM - Army Commendation MedalAFAM -Air Force Achievement MedalAFC -Air Force CrossAM -Air MedalAMNM -Airmans MedalARCOM - Army Commendation MedalBM - Brevet MedalBS or BSM - Bronze Star or Bronze Star MedalCGAM -Coast Guard Achievement MedalCGCM - Coast Guard Commendation MedalCGM -Coast Guard MedalCR -Commendation RibbonCSC - Conspicuous Service Cross (New York)DDSM -Defense Distinguished Service MedalDFC - Distinguished Flying CrossDMSM -Defense Meritorious Service MedalDSC -Distinguished Service CrossDSM -Distinguished Service MedalDSSM -Defense Superior Service MedalGS -Gold Starâ (generally shows up related to another award)JSCM -Joint Service Commendation MedalLM or LOM - Legion of MeritMH or MOH - Medal of HonorMMDSM -Merchant Marine Distinguished Service MedalMMMM -Merchant Marine Mariners MedalMMMSM -Merchant Marine Meritorious Service MedalMSM -Meritorious Service MedalNMCM -Navy Marine Corps MedalNAM -N avy Achievement Medal NC -Navy CrossNCM -Navy Commendation MedalOLC - Oak Leaf Cluster (by and large shows up related to another award)PH - Purple HeartPOWM -Prisoner of War MedalSM -Soldiers MedalSS or SSM - Silver Star or Silver Star Medal These shortened forms for the most part follow another honor to demonstrate prevalent accomplishment or different honors: A - AchievementV - ValorOLC - Oak Leaf Cluster (for the most part follows another honor to show various honors) Military Groups Veterans Organizations DAR - Daughters of the American RevolutionGAR - Grand Army of the RepublicSAR - Sons of the American RevolutionSCV - Sons of Confederate VeteransSSAWV - Sons of Spanish American War VeteransUDC - United Daughters of the ConfederacyUSD 1812 - Daughters of the War of 1812USWV - United Spanish War VeteransVFW - Veterans of Foreign Wars

How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in the Treatment of Fears

How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in the Treatment of Fears Phobias Treatment Print Role of Behavioral Therapy in Treating Phobias By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on November 22, 2019 Jupiterimages/Getty Images More in Phobias Treatment Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Types Phobias dont require treatment unless the fear is preventing you from working, performing necessary daily tasks or having healthy interpersonal relationships. For example, if you live in the U.S. and have a fear of tigers, you could avoid the zoo instead of spending time and money on phobia treatment. Most forms of this type of anxiety disorder are curable. However, no single method of treatment works for all phobias. If you do seek treatment, the exact methods the therapist uses to help you may vary. Here is a look at some common types of therapy to treat phobias. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Phobias A phobia sufferer believes that the feared situation is inherently dangerous. This belief leads to negative automatic thoughts that occur as soon as the feared situation is encountered and the automatic thoughts lead to a phobic behavioral reaction. Cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, enables you to manage your fears by helping you gradually change the way you think. Its based on the interconnectedness of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and behaviors. It may take several CBT sessions to counteract this thought pattern. In order to accomplish this, the therapist can help you overcome your fear with incremental steps. A sample treatment plan for a fear of dogs might include first reading about dogs, then watching a dog movie, and finally taking you to play with a harmless puppy. Techniques commonly used in cognitive behavioral therapy draw from the schools of behaviorism and learning theory as well as the school of cognitive theory. Group Therapy  to Help Ease Fears Cognitive behavioral therapy is a  common type of group therapy for phobias, although many forms of therapy use this method. You may see advertisements for group CBT sessions for phobias, which may call the therapy session a seminar. The duration may be one hour or several days. A group of people with a fear of flying, for example, may assemble at an airport hotel for the weekend, where they might engage in a combination of psychoeducational classes and exposure sessions inside the airport. An Overview of Group Therapy Individual Therapy Individual therapy allows the therapist and client to focus on each other, building a rapport and working together to solve the clients issue. However,  psychoanalysis and related therapies may progress for months or even  years,  while  brief therapies  such as CBT can produce results in just a few sessions. Family Therapy   If the therapist feels that your family situation may be contributing to the development or progression of the phobia, then she may suggest family therapy as part of a treatment plan. A particularly common application of family therapy places the therapist in the role of facilitating one or more communication sessions between the family members. Family therapy is a common part of treatment plans for  children with phobias. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Medications for Phobias A good therapist will design a unique  treatment plan  to meet your needs. He might prescribe  medication (which is more common for social phobia than for a fear of a specific object or situation). These medicines could include: Beta-blockers to block the effects of adrenalineAntidepressants, or SSRIs, to act on the serotonin in your brainSedatives to relax and reduce anxiety

The Role of the Judicial Branch in a Democracy Free Essay Example, 1750 words

For a judiciary, being free from unfairness is one of its major goals which is the reason why a large number of governments that consider themselves as democratic constantly wish to ensure that independence of their courts is assured by protecting it from any type of the influence. This protection is not only from other divisions of the government but also from private companies and organizations which put in place a large amount of pressure on the judges to rule in their favor. Independence of the judiciary enables it to ensure that a country continues to maintain peace and respects all the rights of its citizens. In this way, it helps to assure democratic freedom by ensuring that there is no one branch of government that has more power than the other. In addition, an independent judiciary helps to protect the balance between each of the three branches of government. The judiciary also plays a distinct role in providing support to the process of elections since it significantly red uces the power that those who have positions of leadership have. It does this in two ways; the first being that it identifies the activities that can be carried out by a certain government. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Judicial Branch in a Democracy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Consider as an example how in Canada, the government can only act under the powers set out in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms which aims at ensuring that all Canadians have the rights and freedoms that they deserve are awarded to them. In this regard, a judiciary that is healthy is essential for creating support towards accepting the rule of law and in the long run helping to create a democratic government. This is because a judiciary that is both easy to access and free from any influence helps to cultivate a clear understanding of what constitutes the law. At its core, a democracy that has a judiciary that is weak will not be able to ensure control of its officials who are elected who in many instances might severely test the limits of their powers as provided within the constitution. In addition, a democracy that is unable to ensure its judiciary is strong and independent will not be able to create the necessary environment that will enable th e growth of the economy.

I Am A Time Spent Writing - 912 Words

With my headphones positioned uncomfortably in my ears, I sat slumped against my headboard. The inelegant curving of the wood dug into my shoulders, I didn t pay attention to the discomfort of the plastic pressing into my ears or the misshapen wood digging into my skin as my mind trailed off with a stream of words that filled cracks and gaps like water in a dry river bed. The urge to write was tugging at the edges of my mind, but despondency precluded me from putting pen to paper. Eighteen years of memories were painting pictures in my head, but the right words eluded me. Was what I wanted to write worth the time spent writing? Who would read it? Would I ever share what I wrote? No, no! My writing would be shot down before the first page was finished. I was pulled from my remembrances by the apical pain shooting down my neck, I hadn t realized I d been slouching against my headboard for so long. I can remember rubbing my closed eyes with the back of my hands as if to wipe away memories. I pulled the headphones from my ears and laid them on the small wooden table beside my oversized bed. The bed seemed to swallow the room, the walls were a worn and washed-out blue. The ceiling was stark white with a bumpy and uneven texture. I had starred at that ceiling many nights tracing pictures with my fingers in the air. I blew out a breath and pulled the cool cotton sheets up around my neck along with the comforter. Its frayed edges tickled my skin, I glanced at myShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Lessons From The Assembly Line 1261 Words   |  6 Pages3-2 Assignment 1 Milestone 1 Submission Writing Plan Draft When I revisited â€Å"Some Lessons from the Assembly Line†, the author s goal has changed for me. It has expanded and became broader. Because I see now that the author is trying to show the readers, the lessons he learned while working his summers away on the factory floor. Adjacent to that propose the author wanted to show the readers the different ways he learned the lessons, which made him appreciate his opportunity to go to college. My evidenceRead MoreWhen I Revisited â€Å"Some Lessons From The Assembly Line†,1200 Words   |  5 PagesWhen I revisited â€Å"Some Lessons from the Assembly Line†, the author s goal has changed for me. It has expanded and became broader. Because I see now that the author is trying to show the readers, the lessons he learned while working his summers away on the factory floor.Adjacent to that propose the author wanted to show the readers the different ways he learned the lessons, which made him appreciate his opportunity to go to college. My evidence for this is when the author refers to, â€Å"These lessonsRead MoreWriting Rehab (Personal Essay)1026 Words   |  5 PagesKatherine Tatom Writing 121 15 April 2013 Writing Rehab When given this assignment to describe what kind of writer I am, I panicked. I spent hours staring at a blank page, trying to decide whether to fabricate a story, describe my feelings of inadequacy in the area of writing or simply drop this class. The truth is my past is very blurry, I may have been an excellent writer at one time in my life, but the chances of me remembering that are very slim. So this is not so much a story from my lifeRead MoreI Am Impressed By This Class Made Me983 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment and improvement in English writing. I have to admit that throughout the year this class made me rethink everything I know about English. I studied the text in depth and analyzed it to make conclusions. The concepts of â€Å"Pop Culture† and â€Å"Hamlet† were complicated at first but I was able to understand the meaning of each. Not only were the concepts difficult but also writing the essays as I did not have a firm grasp on the concept. I am surprised by how much I was able to learn in English 112Read MoreMy Personal Learning Experience For A Student And Writer916 Words   |  4 Pageswas the most significant in my personal learning experience for this course would be the â€Å"Writing Process.† In our class syllabus, the Writing Process is defined as a â€Å"recursive process that includes brainstorming, planning, drafting, revising, editing, proofreading, and reflecting.† I think as a student and writer, we all have our own interpretation of the process and we make it our own. For me, the writing process differs from unit to unit because each unit requires a different way of approachingRead MoreWe Talk About Love By George Saunders And Lance Olsen1334 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome the writer I aspired to be post-undergrad, I knew I needed to change some of my static habits. One of these conventions was consuming the same type of literature year after year and not allowing myself enough time to write. So I began taking recommendations from peers I respected and read works from writers I had met. Raymond Carver, Junot Dà ­az, Colum McCann, Anne Lamott, Sherman Alexi, Dorothea Brande, George Saunders and Lance Olsen are a handful of the writers I discovered. AllRead MoreEssay Grade Justification967 Words   |  4 Pagescourse of the semester, I believe that I have overall earned a B+ as a final grade. During the semester my grades have been consistently average and my essays have gotten progressively more detailed and although they haven’t been the most concise they have gotten a lot stronger and showed more promise as the semester progressed which is showing that, during the time I have been learning things in class and applying those skills towards essays, and homework. During the class period I have also participatedRead MoreMy Writing Poetry By Sylvia Plath1106 Words   |  5 Pagesheads jutted out over the backs of their blackwood table chairs like coral. As I spoke, I felt that I was no longer myself, but something bolder, fearless and fiercely honest. A vessel possessed by the words I had spent months poring over. Spoken word poetry gave me the courage to express myself. Growing up, I had always been shy and awkward. In school, I would rather spend my time daydreaming than talking to classmates. When I was forced to socialize, whether it be by teachers or my parents, it was usuallyRead MorePersonal Writing : My Personal Experience In Writing955 Words   |  4 PagesChristian Hannah Professor Weeks (Mackey) ENC1101 - FSCJ 09/20/2017 Lost As a writer, I find myself getting lost. Typically, when I go to start writing I hit a brick wall. It’s as if all my thoughts suddenly escape my mind and I draw a blank. It takes me forever to conjure up some form of a thesis and then takes even longer to figure out what I should write to support it in a way that makes sense. Then, attempting to find a way to organize my ideas and put them together in cohesive paragraphs seemsRead MoreReflection Of The Past Ten Weeks1047 Words   |  5 Pages101 When I started college at Augustana in August and walked into my first day of FYI 101, bright and early on a Monday morning, I did not know what was in store for me to learn in the following ten weeks. Coming into college I could not write in a proper, college way. I did not know how to properly cite sources that I used. This included in text citations and work cited pages. I also would write every essay in a five or six paragraph format instead of writing many shorter paragraphs. I finally did

The contemporary American medical industry Free Essays

The contemporary American medical industry feels the lack of those, who directly take care of the patients and satisfy most of the patients’ needs. The thing is that there are not enough nurses in the American hospitals and clinics due to the small salaries and the lack of perspectives for the career development the registered nurses have. Fortunately, in the last decade numerous shows appeared which create a positive image of nursing and encourage young people to choose it as their career. We will write a custom essay sample on The contemporary American medical industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ER was one of the first TV series which took this mission. There were several remarkable actors who played nurses in this show, but the most remembering is Julianne Margulies’ character, Carol Hathaway, the head nurse in the Emergency Room. There also were several nurses on the second roles. Carol, the head nurse, was often shown at leading roles in the ER series. She was always on duty to save the patients and to assist the doctors. The ER displays Carol and other nurses working directly with the patients, fulfilling their professional chores. In this show nurses are shown providing nursing care to the patients, but it is also noted that sometimes these medical practitioners have to make the decisions and fulfil functions that are out of their professional competence. In scenes with physicians, where other nurses take part, those are the doctors who do most of the talking, but when Carol Hathaway is aired it is her who talks the most. She always has her own opinion about the issues discussed, and she is ready to stand for her viewpoint. In the ER lots of episodes with doctors and nurses are aired, and the who is deciding what help the patient actually needs depends on the personality of the doctor and of the nurse. Of course, usually it is the doctor who guides the process, but sometimes the nurse has to take this role. Let’s, for example recall Dr. Carter’s first day in the ER as a doctor. He was really scared when he got his first patient, so Carol had to fulfil his chores. In the ER it was shown that both man and women are good in the nursing career. There were more female nurses of course, but the male ones also were present. The age of nurses shown in the show varies from twenty to sixty something; there both are the nursing certificate program recent graduates and the aged and experienced specialists. Most of the nurses in the ER are single. Carol Hathaway is portrayed as one of the strongest and most intelligent women in the whole series. She’s strong, ambitious and intelligent, capable and eager of learning something new. Carol’s character is even stronger than most of the doctors who work with her have; but she’s an exception, as most nurses are shown as less ambitious and, more light-headed. Most of them have time for activities besides their job, so they seem little touched by the problems that happen in the hospital. Thus the personality traits depicted in Julianna Margulies’ character, Carol are shown as abnormal for the person of her occupation. Carol Hathaway’s values change as she’s developing personally and professionally through the series. At the beginning serving people, saving them is the most significant for her, but with the time passing we notice that Carol becomes more and more ambitious, she longs for recognition and scholarship. In the same time the other nurses long for various things – most of them still feel that their work is of greatest importance and try to fulfill their chores as drudgingly as possible, but there are also some nurses who just want to sit and do nothing. Most nurses are shown as less intelligent and ambitious than the doctors are. In the ER the nurses aren’t portrayed in sexually demeaning terms, it’s rather they are evaluated on the basis of their professionalism and excellence. Of course, most of the nurses depicted are attractive, and several romantic lines appear which involve nurses. It’s interesting that in the ER nursing is not portrayed as a fulfilling career. The nurses are complaining that the doctors underevaluate them, and in the middle of the series Carol decides to continue her education for to get the doctor’s diploma. Despite of that, the job of a nurse is shown as quite an interesting and exciting one, but in the same time very tiring and demanding. In the ER the profession of a nurse is shown as a deficit and exciting one, but it is also said that the doctors are superior to the nurses, and that the nurses have few opportunities for the career development. Reference â€Å"ER† (1994) TV-Series 1994-. Retrieved October 1, 2005 from the IMDB website. ; http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108757/ ; ER. About the Show. (2005). Retrieved October 1, 2005 from the NBC website. ; http://www.nbc.com/ER/about/index.htm How to cite The contemporary American medical industry, Essay examples

Renewable Energy Systems

Question: Discuss about the Renewable Energy Systems. Answer: Introduction The role of electricity on economic progress cannot be underestimated. For many years, non-renewable energy sources fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal, have been used to generate electricity but their negative impacts on human health and the environment have become very damaging. This has led to development of renewable energy systems, including solar energy systems, wind energy systems, biomass energy systems, and hydroelectric systems. These systems generate electricity that is cleaner, safer, sustainable and cost-effective. If proper mechanisms are put in place, renewable energy systems will continue playing a significant role in reducing the global impact of climate change especially global warming. Technical aspects of renewable energy systems Design Renewable energy systems have to be designed by considering a variety of factors including, but not limited to: projected energy demand (capacity of the system); availability of land; availability of the energy renewable resources; and capital requirement. By considering these factors, the systems designed will supply adequate energy to meet the projected demand. The systems should also be designed to ensure maximum efficacy. Last but not least, these systems should be designed using advanced design tools Fundamental components Renewable energy systems comprise of multiple components used in the generation and supply of energy. This includes generators, inverters, collectors, etc. Each component has to be chosen correctly, analyzed, tested and installed accurately so as to ensure that the entire system functions as designed. The components must of the right size and materials so as to withstand internal forces and external conditions associated with energy generation and distribution. Most importantly is to ensure that all components are installed properly and tested before the system is allowed to operate. Power quality It is also important for the renewable energy system to generate and distribute energy that meets the required standards. For this to be achieved, all equipment used have to be certified meaning that they meet the required quality standards. The production process must also be to the required standards. The benefit of good power quality is that it will serve the intended use optimally. Good quality power is also attained by using the right size and quality of inverter. Equipment protection Most renewable energy systems are nowadays designed and built with an aim of connecting to the grid so that they can give out surplus energy. It is therefore important to re-evaluate the fault levels of the grid during the design stage and make necessary adjustments to the settings of the protection devices. Doing so will protect the renewable energy system when power supply by the grid is restored after an interruption. It is also important to ensure synchronization between the renewable energy system and the grid. This includes features such as their phase angles, frequency and voltages. Additionally, there should be facilities to automatically disconnect the renewable energy system from the grid when the former develops a fault or when frequency and voltage deviations/fluctuations are detected in it. Connection Renewable energy systems usually convert renewable resources, such as sunlight, wind, water and biomass, into energy. These systems must be constructed using appropriate components and apply the right technologies in generating energy. The components must also be integrated properly so that they can perform with maximum efficiency. If the system is connected to the grid, appropriate devices have to be used to as to ensure smooth and efficient connection. Supply Reliability It is important to ensure that the production and distribution of energy by the renewable energy system does not in any way adversely affect normal grid supply. The system has to be designed accurately and appropriate facilities installed prevent, detect and rectify defaults in a timely manner. In case of a fault, whether in the grid or renewable energy system, setting of the protection devices have to be chosen carefully so as to prevent the default of one system from affecting supply of the other system. Safety Many energy production and distribution systems, including renewable energy systems, have multiple safety concerns. This poses a great danger for people especially when normal energy supply is interrupted due to faults. Another cause of such dangers is when power supply of the national grid, which is connected with the renewable energy system, is interrupted. In this regard, the design of renewable energy systems must incorporate protection functions, such as anti-islanding (Joseph, 2005). Such functions are capable of automatically disconnecting systems that are connected to the grid if the energy supplied by the grid is interrupted. When supply of the grid gets restored, the same functions can automatically reconnect the system or the same can also be done manually using manual control. Maintenance Generally, renewable energy systems have relatively high initial costs and low maintenance costs. But low maintenance requirements result from proper design and installation of these systems. Therefore reliable components and durable materials have to be used so as to resist high mechanical strain, temperatures and pressures associated with these systems. With low maintenance, return on investment increases and payback time reduces. Monitoring and control This is another crucial technical aspect of renewable energy systems. Monitoring provides useful information on the production capacity of the system, which can be used to determine the necessity for expansion or strategies to improve the systems performance efficiency. Controlling determines the amount of energy to be supplied to specific users. It also determines when surplus power should be supplied to the grid. The systems have to be monitored and controlled using advance technological tools and facilities. Environmental issues associated with renewable energy systems There are quite a number of environmental issues associated with renewable energy systems. These issues have become the major bases of discussions on renewable energy. The main objective is to reduce or avoid negative impacts of renewable energy systems on the environment and increase positive ones. These issues also vary among different types of renewable energy system. By understanding these issues, it becomes easier to find ways of generating renewable energy that is cleaner and more sustainable. Changes in land use Construction of large renewable systems requires substantial amount of land. This means that people living near the site have to be relocated before the systems can be built. It also poses a great risk to the local habitat leading to habitat loss. When these systems are constructed, land use in the area usually changes. For example, large solar energy and hydroelectric systems require a lot of land and this land cannot be shared with other uses such as agricultural activities. It means that when such systems are constructed somewhere, most of the previous land uses will be changed or abandoned. When these systems start operating, there is the likelihood that more land in the nearby areas will be put into commercial and industrial uses. This is because availability of electricity activates establishment of industries and commercial businesses. Therefore the renewable energy systems may start competing with forestry, agriculture and human settlement for land. This also raises the conce rn of land degradation. One of the ways of resolving this issue is by selecting appropriate sites for the construction of renewable energy systems. Some of the recommended sites include abandoned quarrying land, brownfields, or existing transmission and transportation corridors (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2013). Changes in water use All renewable energy systems require some water for various purposes especially cooling. The amount of water required depends on several factors, including size of the system, location, design and the kind of cooling technology or system used. If these systems are constructed in an area, it means that their water requirements will be given a priority because the systems cannot operate without water. This may mean denying other people, industries, businesses, plants and animals access to water like before. The situation may worsen if the systems are put up in areas with scarce water. It means that they will start competing for water with other users such as people, animals, plants and industries. This issue can be resolved by ensuring that renewable energy systems are constructed in areas with abundant water for equal and effective water tradeoffs and also using appropriate dry-cooling technologies. Hazardous materials This is a major concern especially in solar energy systems. These systems use photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are manufactured using numerous hazardous materials and chemicals such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride, acetone and nitric acid, among others. Sometimes these chemicals may find their way into the environment thus affecting human beings, animals, plants and other natural ecosystems. They also pose a great health risk to people who work in these solar energy systems as they can easily inhale chemicals. To overcome this issue and prevent its public health or environmental threats, renewable energy companies must ensure that they follow manufacturing laws. This will help in preventing release of these toxic materials to the environment through proper disposal and also protecting workers from being exposed to these chemicals. Global warming emissions Even though renewable energy systems are not directly linked with global warming emissions, these emissions come from other stages of the systems life-cycle. These stages include production and transportation of materials used by the systems, construction and assembly of the systems on site, operation and maintenance of the systems, and decommissioning and disassembling of these systems (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2013). Some systems such as geothermal systems require significant amount of energy for drilling and pumping water. Such activities can also cause different levels of air emissions. However, global warming emission estimates of renewable energy systems are very low compared to those of fossil fuels. Economics of the renewable energy systems Most people know about the environmental benefits of renewable energy especially those related with reduction of global emissions. However, majority of these people overlook the numerous social and economic benefits of renewable energy (Adnan Z. Amin, 2016). This may be because renewable energy is relatively new to many people hence they do not understand all its benefits. Additionally, most of the debates have been on how renewable energy can reduce negative environmental impacts associated with fossil fuels. Currently, about 80% of global energy is obtained from fossil fuels (David Timmons, Jonathan M. Harris and Brian Roach, 2014). This is because non-renewable sources have been for many years providing energy at a relatively low cost. Nevertheless, the cost advantage of non-renewable energy systems over renewable energy systems has been declining in the recent years. Based on the current investments and developments on renewable energy systems, the cost of renewable energy is projected to continue decreasing in the coming years, where non-renewable energy costs are likely to increase. Subsidies As a way of promoting production of renewable energy, governments and other private stakeholders have set up subsidies for renewable energy companies. These subsidies, which are billions of dollars every year, reduce the total cost of energy production. The advantage also goes down to consumers who pay less for electricity. This encourages more companies to construct renewable energy plants thus increasing production capacity. On the other hand, fossil fuel subsidies are gradually being phased out as a way of reducing commitment towards non-renewable energy. The renewable energy subsidies are growing very fast across the world and are continuing to bring significant long-term environmental and economic benefits. Changeability This is a major economic issue in renewable energy sector. It is almost impossible to match the energy demand with supply of renewable energy resources. This is because the wind may not blow sometimes, the sun may not shine at all during winter, water may be unavailable during droughts, or crops may fail leading to inadequate biomass. This means that matching the renewable energy supply and demand is very difficult. Inasmuch as demand can be predicted, supply cannot. For example, even if energy demand increases on a rainy day, supply of solar energy cannot be increased to match the demand. These factors make renewable energy systems more intermittent in terms of supply, which increases cost. One way of resolving this issue is through energy diversity. Combining two or more renewable energy systems, such as solar energy and wind energy, can boost supply consistency. Another approach is to increase production capacity of renewable energy systems so that surplus energy can be stored dur ing off-peak and be supplied when demand increases. Last but not least, having a robust national or international electric grid can also solve changeability problem. This will help in supplying power to areas experiencing low supply (where power is needed) from areas with high supply (where power is being generated) at that particular time. Increased job opportunities Renewable energy systems have created numerous job opportunities worldwide. According to a report released by IRENA (2015) in 2015, 7.7 million people were employed in the renewable energy sector globally. This was a significant increase from the previous year and the number is continuing to rise. The sector creates job opportunities both directly and indirectly. As the number of renewable energy plants increase, more people are employed in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of these systems. Others are also employed for installation and maintenance of small-scale systems, such as solar panels or photovoltaic cells, for smaller consumers. Once the renewable energy is generated, a lot more employment opportunities are created. This is because renewable energy systems supply energy to all areas, including remote areas that were previously not connected to grid. Availability of power in such areas drives establishment of industries and other businesses that create jobs. Falling costs The economics of renewable energy systems also entail analyzing various costs associated with investing in renewable energy projects. Typical costs of renewable energy systems are divided into various sections, including design, construction of the system, assembly, piping, storage facilities, control systems and distribution (POLYCITY, 2006). These costs include: capital costs, cost of capital, operating costs, levelised cost of energy (lcoe), capacity factor and marginal cost (Green Rhino Energy). Capital costs include costs incurred in the initial construction of the renewable energy plant and some main maintenance works that have to be done over the plants lifetime. These capital costs were initially high but have continued to reduce over the years as most government provide renewable energy subsidies and new technologies are also being developed to lower the costs Operating costs are costs incurred during normal operations and maintenance of renewable energy systems. These costs are very low in renewable energy systems compared to non-renewable energy systems. Capacity factor is the average output energy of a power plant to its potential peak energy. Considering the fact that renewable energy sources may vary from time to time and the plants may also be interrupted due to maintenance or faults, it is difficult for the capacity factor to be 100%. In most cases, the capacity factor for renewable energy systems is below 50%. Marginal cost is the amount of money that has to be spent so as to generate extra kWh, beyond the fixed costs included in the initial investment cost and operation cost. Since renewable energy systems do not require fuel and have very minimal maintenance requirements, their marginal costs are very low (sometimes almost zero). Cost of capital refers to the amount of money that renewable energy companies have to pay investors as their expected investment returns. Just like any other investment, renewable energy systems also have risks. But these risks can be reduced through proper legislation and constant supply of renewable energy. Levelised cost of energy (lcoe) refers to the price per kWh of electricity generated that zeroes the net present installation value. This means that lcoe of a renewable energy plant has to be higher than the sale price for the projected returns to be realized. Nearly all costs associated with production, distribution and use of renewable energy are falling. As the costs fall, the price of electricity also reduces meaning that end users now pay less. Net energy This is the ratio of energy available for final use to the quantity of energy needed to generate it. The net energy varies depending on conditions and production technology used. Renewable energy systems have very low net energy ratios because they use very little energy (if any) to generate energy. This is very advantageous because it lowers the total cost of energy. These ratios are continually reducing following the discovery of more advanced technologies aimed at reducing energy requirements of renewable energy systems. Social, legal and political issues related to renewable energy systems Some of the social, legal and political issues related to renewable energy systems are as follows Energy Security One of the main advantages of renewable energy is that it is sustainable and therefore renewable energy sources will never be depleted. In this regard, renewable energy systems increase energy security of countries because each country can generate her own power and be self-reliant (Select Committee on Economic Affairs, 2008). Job and wealth creation Construction of renewable energy systems in a particular area must benefit local residents. Considering the anticipated economic benefits of such projects, many ignorant local residents have been forced to sell their land at throwaway prices on threats that they would be evicted if they refuted. Local communities must be allowed to settle in their areas so that they can benefit from the income generation opportunities related to this kind of energy projects. The projects will create jobs for the local residents and help them create their own wealth. Proper relocation and compensation Construction of large renewable energy systems usually require a substantial amount of land (David et al., 2002). This may necessitate relocation of some people within the selected sites. In such cases, the people must be resettled without being forced and be compensated accordingly. The amount of compensation has always remained to be a big issue of discussion Creating awareness It is also important to involve communities during the planning stage of renewable energy projects so that local people can be fully informed about the upcoming project. They should be informed about the advantages and disadvantages of such projects. This will prevent conflicts of interest especially among local communities when the project kicks off. Legislation There is also need to formulate comprehensive guidelines that will regulate activities associated with renewable energy systems. For instance, emissions limits from renewable energy systems must be set and any company exceeding them should be penalized heavily. This will ensure that the energy generated is clean and safe. The systems must also operate under safe environments. Political unpredictability Energy is a very essential driver of any economy. It has been claimed that fossil fuels have been the main course of political conflicts and wars in countries rich in these resources. If people shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy, there is a likelihood that countries with vast resources to generate renewable energy may start experiencing conflicts and wars. Global energy and economic crises One of the real alternatives of overcoming the looming problem of energy supply across the world is by increasing investments in the renewable energy sector. However, renewable energy systems are not reliable (because of changes in sunlight intensity, wind, rainfall patterns and biomass production) in matching energy demand and supply. If the whole world relies on renewable energy systems for energy supply, there may be a shortage of energy supply. This will cause global energy and economic crises. Social acceptance Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy systems is not as easy as it may sound (Rolf et al., 2007). One of the reasons is because a lot of investments have been made in the fossil fuel industry. In addition, antagonists of renewable energy usually amplifies its disadvantages thus making ignorant people oppose it too. Conclusion A lot of investments have been made in renewable energy sector. This sector is potentially posed to prevent and reduce various negative impacts associated with fossil fuels. Renewable energy systems also play a key role in reducing climate change, especially global warming. By analyzing different issues associated with renewable energy systems, it becomes easier to establish ways of improving these systems. With proper formulation of policies to govern production, distribution and use of renewable energy, the global population will enjoy a series of benefits, including being connected to power cost effectively, improved health, improved air quality and they will avoid the irreversible and dangerous climate change. References: Akella A.K., Saini, R.P. Sharma M.P., February 2009, Social, economic and environmental impacts of renewable energy systems, Renewable Energy Journal, Vol. 34, Issue 2, pp. 390-396. 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