war world 2 :: essays research papers

Pre WWII Questions Philosophy a lot of thoughts mirroring the social needs and goals of an individual, gathering, class, or framework Quick assault a quick unexpected military hostile, typically by consolidated air and versatile land powers Populace Citizens considered as a gathering Incendiary One who advocates or is viewed as supporting disruption Protect To cause to be in a separated or confined position Neutrality A national approach of keeping away from political or monetary relations with different nations Ambushed To encompass with troops, blockade Vile Suggesting or compromising fiendishness 1. Germany facilitated the 1936 Summer Olympics. How did Hitler utilize the 1936 Olympics to advance his Nazi Party? He utilized them to show the world how incredible Germany after the downturn. He likewise needed to show the German individuals how the various nations were jealous of them. 2. American Jesse Owens’ shocking triumph in the 100 meter race maddened Hitler. How did the triumph break the Nazi purposeful publicity about Aryan matchless quality? It was an all out humiliation to Hitler. By an American winning the race it indicated that Aryans weren’t the best and it irritated Hitler. 3. FDR was an ace of the media. How could he utilize the media to do fight in the Great Depression? FDR utilized the still picture to impact America. He sent photographic artists the nation over to take pictures of basic common individuals. Others see these photos and start to comprehend that everybody around the nation resembles them. This assists individuals with joining since they understand they are largely indistinguishable and it likewise changes the manner in which individuals take a gander at life. 4. How did Hitler use purposeful publicity and the media to accomplish his ideal objectives? Hitler ensures everybody has a radio, if individuals couldn’t manage the cost of a radio Hitler got them one. He set radios on tall shafts in the roads so everybody could hear his messages. So as to result his messages being heard he just had one radio broadcast in the entirety of Germany, which was his guaranteeing individuals just heard one message and before long became affected. war world 2 :: expositions research papers Pre WWII Questions Philosophy a lot of thoughts mirroring the social needs and yearnings of an individual, gathering, class, or framework Raid a quick unexpected military hostile, as a rule by joined air and portable land powers Populace Citizens considered as a gathering Incendiary One who advocates or is viewed as pushing disruption Protect To cause to be in a segregated or secluded position Noninterference A national arrangement of going without political or financial relations with different nations Ambushed To encompass with troops, blockade Vile Suggesting or undermining abhorrent 1. Germany facilitated the 1936 Summer Olympics. How did Hitler utilize the 1936 Olympics to advance his Nazi Party? He utilized them to show the world how incredible Germany after the downturn. He additionally needed to show the German individuals how the various nations were desirous of them. 2. American Jesse Owens’ dazzling triumph in the 100 meter race enraged Hitler. How did the triumph break the Nazi purposeful publicity about Aryan incomparability? It was an absolute shame to Hitler. By an American winning the race it indicated that Aryans weren’t the best and it rankled Hitler. 3. FDR was an ace of the media. How could he utilize the media to do fight in the Great Depression? FDR utilized the still picture to impact America. He sent picture takers the nation over to take pictures of normal common individuals. Others see these photos and start to comprehend that everybody around the nation resembles them. This assists individuals with joining since they understand they are generally indistinguishable and it additionally changes the manner in which individuals take a gander at life. 4. How did Hitler use publicity and the media to accomplish his ideal objectives? Hitler ensures everybody has a radio, if individuals couldn’t bear the cost of a radio Hitler got them one. He put radios on tall posts in the avenues so everybody could hear his messages. So as to result his messages being heard he just had one radio broadcast in the entirety of Germany, which was his guaranteeing individuals just heard one message and before long became affected.

Military Abbreviations Found on US Grave Markers

Military Abbreviations Found on US Grave Markers Numerous military graves are engraved with truncations that mean the unit of administration, positions, awards, or other data on the military veteran. Others may likewise be set apart with bronze or stone plaques gave by the U.S. Veterans Administration. This rundown incorporates the absolute most basic military truncations that might be seen on tombstones and grave markers in American ​cemeteries, both in the United States and abroad. Military Rank BBG - Brevet Brigadier GeneralBGEN - Brigadier GeneralBMG - Brevet Major GeneralCOL - ColonelCPL - CorporalCPT - CaptainCSGT - Commissary SergeantGEN - GeneralLGEN - Lieutenant GeneralLT - Lieutenant1 LT - First Lieutenant (2 LT second Lieutenant, thus on)LTC - Lieutenant ColonelMAJ - MajorMGEN - Major GeneralNCO - Noncommissioned OfficerOSGT - Ordinance SergeantPVT - PrivatePVT 1CL - Private First ClassQM - QuartermasterQMSGT - Quartermaster SergeantSGM - Sergeant MajorSGT - SergeantWO - Warrant Officer Military Unit Branch of Service Workmanship - ArtilleryAC or USA - Army Corps; United States ArmyBRIG - BrigadeBTRY - BatteryCAV - CavalryCSA - Confederate States of AmericaCT - Colored Troops; may go before the branch, for example, CTART for Colored Troops ArtilleryCO or COM - CompanyENG or EM - Engineer; Engineers/MinersFA - Field ArtilleryHA or HART - Heavy ArtilleryINF - InfantryLA or LART - Light ArtilleryMC - Medical CorpsMAR or USMC - Marines; United States Marine CorpsMIL - MilitiaNAVY or USN - Navy; United States NavyREG - RegimentSS - Sharpshooters (or at times Silver Star, see below)SC-Signal CorpsTR - TroopUSAF - United States Air ForceVOL or USV - Volunteers; United States VolunteersVRC - Veteran Reserve Military Service Medals Awards AAM - Army Achievement MedalACM - Army Commendation MedalAFAM -Air Force Achievement MedalAFC -Air Force CrossAM -Air MedalAMNM -Airmans MedalARCOM - Army Commendation MedalBM - Brevet MedalBS or BSM - Bronze Star or Bronze Star MedalCGAM -Coast Guard Achievement MedalCGCM - Coast Guard Commendation MedalCGM -Coast Guard MedalCR -Commendation RibbonCSC - Conspicuous Service Cross (New York)DDSM -Defense Distinguished Service MedalDFC - Distinguished Flying CrossDMSM -Defense Meritorious Service MedalDSC -Distinguished Service CrossDSM -Distinguished Service MedalDSSM -Defense Superior Service MedalGS -Gold Starâ (generally shows up related to another award)JSCM -Joint Service Commendation MedalLM or LOM - Legion of MeritMH or MOH - Medal of HonorMMDSM -Merchant Marine Distinguished Service MedalMMMM -Merchant Marine Mariners MedalMMMSM -Merchant Marine Meritorious Service MedalMSM -Meritorious Service MedalNMCM -Navy Marine Corps MedalNAM -N avy Achievement Medal NC -Navy CrossNCM -Navy Commendation MedalOLC - Oak Leaf Cluster (by and large shows up related to another award)PH - Purple HeartPOWM -Prisoner of War MedalSM -Soldiers MedalSS or SSM - Silver Star or Silver Star Medal These shortened forms for the most part follow another honor to demonstrate prevalent accomplishment or different honors: A - AchievementV - ValorOLC - Oak Leaf Cluster (for the most part follows another honor to show various honors) Military Groups Veterans Organizations DAR - Daughters of the American RevolutionGAR - Grand Army of the RepublicSAR - Sons of the American RevolutionSCV - Sons of Confederate VeteransSSAWV - Sons of Spanish American War VeteransUDC - United Daughters of the ConfederacyUSD 1812 - Daughters of the War of 1812USWV - United Spanish War VeteransVFW - Veterans of Foreign Wars

How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in the Treatment of Fears

How Behavioral Therapy Is Used in the Treatment of Fears Phobias Treatment Print Role of Behavioral Therapy in Treating Phobias By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on November 22, 2019 Jupiterimages/Getty Images More in Phobias Treatment Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Types Phobias dont require treatment unless the fear is preventing you from working, performing necessary daily tasks or having healthy interpersonal relationships. For example, if you live in the U.S. and have a fear of tigers, you could avoid the zoo instead of spending time and money on phobia treatment. Most forms of this type of anxiety disorder are curable. However, no single method of treatment works for all phobias. If you do seek treatment, the exact methods the therapist uses to help you may vary. Here is a look at some common types of therapy to treat phobias. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Phobias A phobia sufferer believes that the feared situation is inherently dangerous. This belief leads to negative automatic thoughts that occur as soon as the feared situation is encountered and the automatic thoughts lead to a phobic behavioral reaction. Cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT, enables you to manage your fears by helping you gradually change the way you think. Its based on the interconnectedness of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and behaviors. It may take several CBT sessions to counteract this thought pattern. In order to accomplish this, the therapist can help you overcome your fear with incremental steps. A sample treatment plan for a fear of dogs might include first reading about dogs, then watching a dog movie, and finally taking you to play with a harmless puppy. Techniques commonly used in cognitive behavioral therapy draw from the schools of behaviorism and learning theory as well as the school of cognitive theory. Group Therapy  to Help Ease Fears Cognitive behavioral therapy is a  common type of group therapy for phobias, although many forms of therapy use this method. You may see advertisements for group CBT sessions for phobias, which may call the therapy session a seminar. The duration may be one hour or several days. A group of people with a fear of flying, for example, may assemble at an airport hotel for the weekend, where they might engage in a combination of psychoeducational classes and exposure sessions inside the airport. An Overview of Group Therapy Individual Therapy Individual therapy allows the therapist and client to focus on each other, building a rapport and working together to solve the clients issue. However,  psychoanalysis and related therapies may progress for months or even  years,  while  brief therapies  such as CBT can produce results in just a few sessions. Family Therapy   If the therapist feels that your family situation may be contributing to the development or progression of the phobia, then she may suggest family therapy as part of a treatment plan. A particularly common application of family therapy places the therapist in the role of facilitating one or more communication sessions between the family members. Family therapy is a common part of treatment plans for  children with phobias. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Medications for Phobias A good therapist will design a unique  treatment plan  to meet your needs. He might prescribe  medication (which is more common for social phobia than for a fear of a specific object or situation). These medicines could include: Beta-blockers to block the effects of adrenalineAntidepressants, or SSRIs, to act on the serotonin in your brainSedatives to relax and reduce anxiety

The Role of the Judicial Branch in a Democracy Free Essay Example, 1750 words

For a judiciary, being free from unfairness is one of its major goals which is the reason why a large number of governments that consider themselves as democratic constantly wish to ensure that independence of their courts is assured by protecting it from any type of the influence. This protection is not only from other divisions of the government but also from private companies and organizations which put in place a large amount of pressure on the judges to rule in their favor. Independence of the judiciary enables it to ensure that a country continues to maintain peace and respects all the rights of its citizens. In this way, it helps to assure democratic freedom by ensuring that there is no one branch of government that has more power than the other. In addition, an independent judiciary helps to protect the balance between each of the three branches of government. The judiciary also plays a distinct role in providing support to the process of elections since it significantly red uces the power that those who have positions of leadership have. It does this in two ways; the first being that it identifies the activities that can be carried out by a certain government. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Judicial Branch in a Democracy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Consider as an example how in Canada, the government can only act under the powers set out in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms which aims at ensuring that all Canadians have the rights and freedoms that they deserve are awarded to them. In this regard, a judiciary that is healthy is essential for creating support towards accepting the rule of law and in the long run helping to create a democratic government. This is because a judiciary that is both easy to access and free from any influence helps to cultivate a clear understanding of what constitutes the law. At its core, a democracy that has a judiciary that is weak will not be able to ensure control of its officials who are elected who in many instances might severely test the limits of their powers as provided within the constitution. In addition, a democracy that is unable to ensure its judiciary is strong and independent will not be able to create the necessary environment that will enable th e growth of the economy.

I Am A Time Spent Writing - 912 Words

With my headphones positioned uncomfortably in my ears, I sat slumped against my headboard. The inelegant curving of the wood dug into my shoulders, I didn t pay attention to the discomfort of the plastic pressing into my ears or the misshapen wood digging into my skin as my mind trailed off with a stream of words that filled cracks and gaps like water in a dry river bed. The urge to write was tugging at the edges of my mind, but despondency precluded me from putting pen to paper. Eighteen years of memories were painting pictures in my head, but the right words eluded me. Was what I wanted to write worth the time spent writing? Who would read it? Would I ever share what I wrote? No, no! My writing would be shot down before the first page was finished. I was pulled from my remembrances by the apical pain shooting down my neck, I hadn t realized I d been slouching against my headboard for so long. I can remember rubbing my closed eyes with the back of my hands as if to wipe away memories. I pulled the headphones from my ears and laid them on the small wooden table beside my oversized bed. The bed seemed to swallow the room, the walls were a worn and washed-out blue. The ceiling was stark white with a bumpy and uneven texture. I had starred at that ceiling many nights tracing pictures with my fingers in the air. I blew out a breath and pulled the cool cotton sheets up around my neck along with the comforter. Its frayed edges tickled my skin, I glanced at myShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Lessons From The Assembly Line 1261 Words   |  6 Pages3-2 Assignment 1 Milestone 1 Submission Writing Plan Draft When I revisited â€Å"Some Lessons from the Assembly Line†, the author s goal has changed for me. It has expanded and became broader. Because I see now that the author is trying to show the readers, the lessons he learned while working his summers away on the factory floor. Adjacent to that propose the author wanted to show the readers the different ways he learned the lessons, which made him appreciate his opportunity to go to college. My evidenceRead MoreWhen I Revisited â€Å"Some Lessons From The Assembly Line†,1200 Words   |  5 PagesWhen I revisited â€Å"Some Lessons from the Assembly Line†, the author s goal has changed for me. It has expanded and became broader. Because I see now that the author is trying to show the readers, the lessons he learned while working his summers away on the factory floor.Adjacent to that propose the author wanted to show the readers the different ways he learned the lessons, which made him appreciate his opportunity to go to college. My evidence for this is when the author refers to, â€Å"These lessonsRead MoreWriting Rehab (Personal Essay)1026 Words   |  5 PagesKatherine Tatom Writing 121 15 April 2013 Writing Rehab When given this assignment to describe what kind of writer I am, I panicked. I spent hours staring at a blank page, trying to decide whether to fabricate a story, describe my feelings of inadequacy in the area of writing or simply drop this class. The truth is my past is very blurry, I may have been an excellent writer at one time in my life, but the chances of me remembering that are very slim. So this is not so much a story from my lifeRead MoreI Am Impressed By This Class Made Me983 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment and improvement in English writing. I have to admit that throughout the year this class made me rethink everything I know about English. I studied the text in depth and analyzed it to make conclusions. The concepts of â€Å"Pop Culture† and â€Å"Hamlet† were complicated at first but I was able to understand the meaning of each. Not only were the concepts difficult but also writing the essays as I did not have a firm grasp on the concept. I am surprised by how much I was able to learn in English 112Read MoreMy Personal Learning Experience For A Student And Writer916 Words   |  4 Pageswas the most significant in my personal learning experience for this course would be the â€Å"Writing Process.† In our class syllabus, the Writing Process is defined as a â€Å"recursive process that includes brainstorming, planning, drafting, revising, editing, proofreading, and reflecting.† I think as a student and writer, we all have our own interpretation of the process and we make it our own. For me, the writing process differs from unit to unit because each unit requires a different way of approachingRead MoreWe Talk About Love By George Saunders And Lance Olsen1334 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome the writer I aspired to be post-undergrad, I knew I needed to change some of my static habits. One of these conventions was consuming the same type of literature year after year and not allowing myself enough time to write. So I began taking recommendations from peers I respected and read works from writers I had met. Raymond Carver, Junot Dà ­az, Colum McCann, Anne Lamott, Sherman Alexi, Dorothea Brande, George Saunders and Lance Olsen are a handful of the writers I discovered. AllRead MoreEssay Grade Justification967 Words   |  4 Pagescourse of the semester, I believe that I have overall earned a B+ as a final grade. During the semester my grades have been consistently average and my essays have gotten progressively more detailed and although they haven’t been the most concise they have gotten a lot stronger and showed more promise as the semester progressed which is showing that, during the time I have been learning things in class and applying those skills towards essays, and homework. During the class period I have also participatedRead MoreMy Writing Poetry By Sylvia Plath1106 Words   |  5 Pagesheads jutted out over the backs of their blackwood table chairs like coral. As I spoke, I felt that I was no longer myself, but something bolder, fearless and fiercely honest. A vessel possessed by the words I had spent months poring over. Spoken word poetry gave me the courage to express myself. Growing up, I had always been shy and awkward. In school, I would rather spend my time daydreaming than talking to classmates. When I was forced to socialize, whether it be by teachers or my parents, it was usuallyRead MorePersonal Writing : My Personal Experience In Writing955 Words   |  4 PagesChristian Hannah Professor Weeks (Mackey) ENC1101 - FSCJ 09/20/2017 Lost As a writer, I find myself getting lost. Typically, when I go to start writing I hit a brick wall. It’s as if all my thoughts suddenly escape my mind and I draw a blank. It takes me forever to conjure up some form of a thesis and then takes even longer to figure out what I should write to support it in a way that makes sense. Then, attempting to find a way to organize my ideas and put them together in cohesive paragraphs seemsRead MoreReflection Of The Past Ten Weeks1047 Words   |  5 Pages101 When I started college at Augustana in August and walked into my first day of FYI 101, bright and early on a Monday morning, I did not know what was in store for me to learn in the following ten weeks. Coming into college I could not write in a proper, college way. I did not know how to properly cite sources that I used. This included in text citations and work cited pages. I also would write every essay in a five or six paragraph format instead of writing many shorter paragraphs. I finally did

The contemporary American medical industry Free Essays

The contemporary American medical industry feels the lack of those, who directly take care of the patients and satisfy most of the patients’ needs. The thing is that there are not enough nurses in the American hospitals and clinics due to the small salaries and the lack of perspectives for the career development the registered nurses have. Fortunately, in the last decade numerous shows appeared which create a positive image of nursing and encourage young people to choose it as their career. We will write a custom essay sample on The contemporary American medical industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ER was one of the first TV series which took this mission. There were several remarkable actors who played nurses in this show, but the most remembering is Julianne Margulies’ character, Carol Hathaway, the head nurse in the Emergency Room. There also were several nurses on the second roles. Carol, the head nurse, was often shown at leading roles in the ER series. She was always on duty to save the patients and to assist the doctors. The ER displays Carol and other nurses working directly with the patients, fulfilling their professional chores. In this show nurses are shown providing nursing care to the patients, but it is also noted that sometimes these medical practitioners have to make the decisions and fulfil functions that are out of their professional competence. In scenes with physicians, where other nurses take part, those are the doctors who do most of the talking, but when Carol Hathaway is aired it is her who talks the most. She always has her own opinion about the issues discussed, and she is ready to stand for her viewpoint. In the ER lots of episodes with doctors and nurses are aired, and the who is deciding what help the patient actually needs depends on the personality of the doctor and of the nurse. Of course, usually it is the doctor who guides the process, but sometimes the nurse has to take this role. Let’s, for example recall Dr. Carter’s first day in the ER as a doctor. He was really scared when he got his first patient, so Carol had to fulfil his chores. In the ER it was shown that both man and women are good in the nursing career. There were more female nurses of course, but the male ones also were present. The age of nurses shown in the show varies from twenty to sixty something; there both are the nursing certificate program recent graduates and the aged and experienced specialists. Most of the nurses in the ER are single. Carol Hathaway is portrayed as one of the strongest and most intelligent women in the whole series. She’s strong, ambitious and intelligent, capable and eager of learning something new. Carol’s character is even stronger than most of the doctors who work with her have; but she’s an exception, as most nurses are shown as less ambitious and, more light-headed. Most of them have time for activities besides their job, so they seem little touched by the problems that happen in the hospital. Thus the personality traits depicted in Julianna Margulies’ character, Carol are shown as abnormal for the person of her occupation. Carol Hathaway’s values change as she’s developing personally and professionally through the series. At the beginning serving people, saving them is the most significant for her, but with the time passing we notice that Carol becomes more and more ambitious, she longs for recognition and scholarship. In the same time the other nurses long for various things – most of them still feel that their work is of greatest importance and try to fulfill their chores as drudgingly as possible, but there are also some nurses who just want to sit and do nothing. Most nurses are shown as less intelligent and ambitious than the doctors are. In the ER the nurses aren’t portrayed in sexually demeaning terms, it’s rather they are evaluated on the basis of their professionalism and excellence. Of course, most of the nurses depicted are attractive, and several romantic lines appear which involve nurses. It’s interesting that in the ER nursing is not portrayed as a fulfilling career. The nurses are complaining that the doctors underevaluate them, and in the middle of the series Carol decides to continue her education for to get the doctor’s diploma. Despite of that, the job of a nurse is shown as quite an interesting and exciting one, but in the same time very tiring and demanding. In the ER the profession of a nurse is shown as a deficit and exciting one, but it is also said that the doctors are superior to the nurses, and that the nurses have few opportunities for the career development. Reference â€Å"ER† (1994) TV-Series 1994-. Retrieved October 1, 2005 from the IMDB website. ; http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108757/ ; ER. About the Show. (2005). Retrieved October 1, 2005 from the NBC website. ; http://www.nbc.com/ER/about/index.htm How to cite The contemporary American medical industry, Essay examples

Renewable Energy Systems

Question: Discuss about the Renewable Energy Systems. Answer: Introduction The role of electricity on economic progress cannot be underestimated. For many years, non-renewable energy sources fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal, have been used to generate electricity but their negative impacts on human health and the environment have become very damaging. This has led to development of renewable energy systems, including solar energy systems, wind energy systems, biomass energy systems, and hydroelectric systems. These systems generate electricity that is cleaner, safer, sustainable and cost-effective. If proper mechanisms are put in place, renewable energy systems will continue playing a significant role in reducing the global impact of climate change especially global warming. Technical aspects of renewable energy systems Design Renewable energy systems have to be designed by considering a variety of factors including, but not limited to: projected energy demand (capacity of the system); availability of land; availability of the energy renewable resources; and capital requirement. By considering these factors, the systems designed will supply adequate energy to meet the projected demand. The systems should also be designed to ensure maximum efficacy. Last but not least, these systems should be designed using advanced design tools Fundamental components Renewable energy systems comprise of multiple components used in the generation and supply of energy. This includes generators, inverters, collectors, etc. Each component has to be chosen correctly, analyzed, tested and installed accurately so as to ensure that the entire system functions as designed. The components must of the right size and materials so as to withstand internal forces and external conditions associated with energy generation and distribution. Most importantly is to ensure that all components are installed properly and tested before the system is allowed to operate. Power quality It is also important for the renewable energy system to generate and distribute energy that meets the required standards. For this to be achieved, all equipment used have to be certified meaning that they meet the required quality standards. The production process must also be to the required standards. The benefit of good power quality is that it will serve the intended use optimally. Good quality power is also attained by using the right size and quality of inverter. Equipment protection Most renewable energy systems are nowadays designed and built with an aim of connecting to the grid so that they can give out surplus energy. It is therefore important to re-evaluate the fault levels of the grid during the design stage and make necessary adjustments to the settings of the protection devices. Doing so will protect the renewable energy system when power supply by the grid is restored after an interruption. It is also important to ensure synchronization between the renewable energy system and the grid. This includes features such as their phase angles, frequency and voltages. Additionally, there should be facilities to automatically disconnect the renewable energy system from the grid when the former develops a fault or when frequency and voltage deviations/fluctuations are detected in it. Connection Renewable energy systems usually convert renewable resources, such as sunlight, wind, water and biomass, into energy. These systems must be constructed using appropriate components and apply the right technologies in generating energy. The components must also be integrated properly so that they can perform with maximum efficiency. If the system is connected to the grid, appropriate devices have to be used to as to ensure smooth and efficient connection. Supply Reliability It is important to ensure that the production and distribution of energy by the renewable energy system does not in any way adversely affect normal grid supply. The system has to be designed accurately and appropriate facilities installed prevent, detect and rectify defaults in a timely manner. In case of a fault, whether in the grid or renewable energy system, setting of the protection devices have to be chosen carefully so as to prevent the default of one system from affecting supply of the other system. Safety Many energy production and distribution systems, including renewable energy systems, have multiple safety concerns. This poses a great danger for people especially when normal energy supply is interrupted due to faults. Another cause of such dangers is when power supply of the national grid, which is connected with the renewable energy system, is interrupted. In this regard, the design of renewable energy systems must incorporate protection functions, such as anti-islanding (Joseph, 2005). Such functions are capable of automatically disconnecting systems that are connected to the grid if the energy supplied by the grid is interrupted. When supply of the grid gets restored, the same functions can automatically reconnect the system or the same can also be done manually using manual control. Maintenance Generally, renewable energy systems have relatively high initial costs and low maintenance costs. But low maintenance requirements result from proper design and installation of these systems. Therefore reliable components and durable materials have to be used so as to resist high mechanical strain, temperatures and pressures associated with these systems. With low maintenance, return on investment increases and payback time reduces. Monitoring and control This is another crucial technical aspect of renewable energy systems. Monitoring provides useful information on the production capacity of the system, which can be used to determine the necessity for expansion or strategies to improve the systems performance efficiency. Controlling determines the amount of energy to be supplied to specific users. It also determines when surplus power should be supplied to the grid. The systems have to be monitored and controlled using advance technological tools and facilities. Environmental issues associated with renewable energy systems There are quite a number of environmental issues associated with renewable energy systems. These issues have become the major bases of discussions on renewable energy. The main objective is to reduce or avoid negative impacts of renewable energy systems on the environment and increase positive ones. These issues also vary among different types of renewable energy system. By understanding these issues, it becomes easier to find ways of generating renewable energy that is cleaner and more sustainable. Changes in land use Construction of large renewable systems requires substantial amount of land. This means that people living near the site have to be relocated before the systems can be built. It also poses a great risk to the local habitat leading to habitat loss. When these systems are constructed, land use in the area usually changes. For example, large solar energy and hydroelectric systems require a lot of land and this land cannot be shared with other uses such as agricultural activities. It means that when such systems are constructed somewhere, most of the previous land uses will be changed or abandoned. When these systems start operating, there is the likelihood that more land in the nearby areas will be put into commercial and industrial uses. This is because availability of electricity activates establishment of industries and commercial businesses. Therefore the renewable energy systems may start competing with forestry, agriculture and human settlement for land. This also raises the conce rn of land degradation. One of the ways of resolving this issue is by selecting appropriate sites for the construction of renewable energy systems. Some of the recommended sites include abandoned quarrying land, brownfields, or existing transmission and transportation corridors (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2013). Changes in water use All renewable energy systems require some water for various purposes especially cooling. The amount of water required depends on several factors, including size of the system, location, design and the kind of cooling technology or system used. If these systems are constructed in an area, it means that their water requirements will be given a priority because the systems cannot operate without water. This may mean denying other people, industries, businesses, plants and animals access to water like before. The situation may worsen if the systems are put up in areas with scarce water. It means that they will start competing for water with other users such as people, animals, plants and industries. This issue can be resolved by ensuring that renewable energy systems are constructed in areas with abundant water for equal and effective water tradeoffs and also using appropriate dry-cooling technologies. Hazardous materials This is a major concern especially in solar energy systems. These systems use photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are manufactured using numerous hazardous materials and chemicals such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride, acetone and nitric acid, among others. Sometimes these chemicals may find their way into the environment thus affecting human beings, animals, plants and other natural ecosystems. They also pose a great health risk to people who work in these solar energy systems as they can easily inhale chemicals. To overcome this issue and prevent its public health or environmental threats, renewable energy companies must ensure that they follow manufacturing laws. This will help in preventing release of these toxic materials to the environment through proper disposal and also protecting workers from being exposed to these chemicals. Global warming emissions Even though renewable energy systems are not directly linked with global warming emissions, these emissions come from other stages of the systems life-cycle. These stages include production and transportation of materials used by the systems, construction and assembly of the systems on site, operation and maintenance of the systems, and decommissioning and disassembling of these systems (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2013). Some systems such as geothermal systems require significant amount of energy for drilling and pumping water. Such activities can also cause different levels of air emissions. However, global warming emission estimates of renewable energy systems are very low compared to those of fossil fuels. Economics of the renewable energy systems Most people know about the environmental benefits of renewable energy especially those related with reduction of global emissions. However, majority of these people overlook the numerous social and economic benefits of renewable energy (Adnan Z. Amin, 2016). This may be because renewable energy is relatively new to many people hence they do not understand all its benefits. Additionally, most of the debates have been on how renewable energy can reduce negative environmental impacts associated with fossil fuels. Currently, about 80% of global energy is obtained from fossil fuels (David Timmons, Jonathan M. Harris and Brian Roach, 2014). This is because non-renewable sources have been for many years providing energy at a relatively low cost. Nevertheless, the cost advantage of non-renewable energy systems over renewable energy systems has been declining in the recent years. Based on the current investments and developments on renewable energy systems, the cost of renewable energy is projected to continue decreasing in the coming years, where non-renewable energy costs are likely to increase. Subsidies As a way of promoting production of renewable energy, governments and other private stakeholders have set up subsidies for renewable energy companies. These subsidies, which are billions of dollars every year, reduce the total cost of energy production. The advantage also goes down to consumers who pay less for electricity. This encourages more companies to construct renewable energy plants thus increasing production capacity. On the other hand, fossil fuel subsidies are gradually being phased out as a way of reducing commitment towards non-renewable energy. The renewable energy subsidies are growing very fast across the world and are continuing to bring significant long-term environmental and economic benefits. Changeability This is a major economic issue in renewable energy sector. It is almost impossible to match the energy demand with supply of renewable energy resources. This is because the wind may not blow sometimes, the sun may not shine at all during winter, water may be unavailable during droughts, or crops may fail leading to inadequate biomass. This means that matching the renewable energy supply and demand is very difficult. Inasmuch as demand can be predicted, supply cannot. For example, even if energy demand increases on a rainy day, supply of solar energy cannot be increased to match the demand. These factors make renewable energy systems more intermittent in terms of supply, which increases cost. One way of resolving this issue is through energy diversity. Combining two or more renewable energy systems, such as solar energy and wind energy, can boost supply consistency. Another approach is to increase production capacity of renewable energy systems so that surplus energy can be stored dur ing off-peak and be supplied when demand increases. Last but not least, having a robust national or international electric grid can also solve changeability problem. This will help in supplying power to areas experiencing low supply (where power is needed) from areas with high supply (where power is being generated) at that particular time. Increased job opportunities Renewable energy systems have created numerous job opportunities worldwide. According to a report released by IRENA (2015) in 2015, 7.7 million people were employed in the renewable energy sector globally. This was a significant increase from the previous year and the number is continuing to rise. The sector creates job opportunities both directly and indirectly. As the number of renewable energy plants increase, more people are employed in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of these systems. Others are also employed for installation and maintenance of small-scale systems, such as solar panels or photovoltaic cells, for smaller consumers. Once the renewable energy is generated, a lot more employment opportunities are created. This is because renewable energy systems supply energy to all areas, including remote areas that were previously not connected to grid. Availability of power in such areas drives establishment of industries and other businesses that create jobs. Falling costs The economics of renewable energy systems also entail analyzing various costs associated with investing in renewable energy projects. Typical costs of renewable energy systems are divided into various sections, including design, construction of the system, assembly, piping, storage facilities, control systems and distribution (POLYCITY, 2006). These costs include: capital costs, cost of capital, operating costs, levelised cost of energy (lcoe), capacity factor and marginal cost (Green Rhino Energy). Capital costs include costs incurred in the initial construction of the renewable energy plant and some main maintenance works that have to be done over the plants lifetime. These capital costs were initially high but have continued to reduce over the years as most government provide renewable energy subsidies and new technologies are also being developed to lower the costs Operating costs are costs incurred during normal operations and maintenance of renewable energy systems. These costs are very low in renewable energy systems compared to non-renewable energy systems. Capacity factor is the average output energy of a power plant to its potential peak energy. Considering the fact that renewable energy sources may vary from time to time and the plants may also be interrupted due to maintenance or faults, it is difficult for the capacity factor to be 100%. In most cases, the capacity factor for renewable energy systems is below 50%. Marginal cost is the amount of money that has to be spent so as to generate extra kWh, beyond the fixed costs included in the initial investment cost and operation cost. Since renewable energy systems do not require fuel and have very minimal maintenance requirements, their marginal costs are very low (sometimes almost zero). Cost of capital refers to the amount of money that renewable energy companies have to pay investors as their expected investment returns. Just like any other investment, renewable energy systems also have risks. But these risks can be reduced through proper legislation and constant supply of renewable energy. Levelised cost of energy (lcoe) refers to the price per kWh of electricity generated that zeroes the net present installation value. This means that lcoe of a renewable energy plant has to be higher than the sale price for the projected returns to be realized. Nearly all costs associated with production, distribution and use of renewable energy are falling. As the costs fall, the price of electricity also reduces meaning that end users now pay less. Net energy This is the ratio of energy available for final use to the quantity of energy needed to generate it. The net energy varies depending on conditions and production technology used. Renewable energy systems have very low net energy ratios because they use very little energy (if any) to generate energy. This is very advantageous because it lowers the total cost of energy. These ratios are continually reducing following the discovery of more advanced technologies aimed at reducing energy requirements of renewable energy systems. Social, legal and political issues related to renewable energy systems Some of the social, legal and political issues related to renewable energy systems are as follows Energy Security One of the main advantages of renewable energy is that it is sustainable and therefore renewable energy sources will never be depleted. In this regard, renewable energy systems increase energy security of countries because each country can generate her own power and be self-reliant (Select Committee on Economic Affairs, 2008). Job and wealth creation Construction of renewable energy systems in a particular area must benefit local residents. Considering the anticipated economic benefits of such projects, many ignorant local residents have been forced to sell their land at throwaway prices on threats that they would be evicted if they refuted. Local communities must be allowed to settle in their areas so that they can benefit from the income generation opportunities related to this kind of energy projects. The projects will create jobs for the local residents and help them create their own wealth. Proper relocation and compensation Construction of large renewable energy systems usually require a substantial amount of land (David et al., 2002). This may necessitate relocation of some people within the selected sites. In such cases, the people must be resettled without being forced and be compensated accordingly. The amount of compensation has always remained to be a big issue of discussion Creating awareness It is also important to involve communities during the planning stage of renewable energy projects so that local people can be fully informed about the upcoming project. They should be informed about the advantages and disadvantages of such projects. This will prevent conflicts of interest especially among local communities when the project kicks off. Legislation There is also need to formulate comprehensive guidelines that will regulate activities associated with renewable energy systems. For instance, emissions limits from renewable energy systems must be set and any company exceeding them should be penalized heavily. This will ensure that the energy generated is clean and safe. The systems must also operate under safe environments. Political unpredictability Energy is a very essential driver of any economy. It has been claimed that fossil fuels have been the main course of political conflicts and wars in countries rich in these resources. If people shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy, there is a likelihood that countries with vast resources to generate renewable energy may start experiencing conflicts and wars. Global energy and economic crises One of the real alternatives of overcoming the looming problem of energy supply across the world is by increasing investments in the renewable energy sector. However, renewable energy systems are not reliable (because of changes in sunlight intensity, wind, rainfall patterns and biomass production) in matching energy demand and supply. If the whole world relies on renewable energy systems for energy supply, there may be a shortage of energy supply. This will cause global energy and economic crises. Social acceptance Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy systems is not as easy as it may sound (Rolf et al., 2007). One of the reasons is because a lot of investments have been made in the fossil fuel industry. In addition, antagonists of renewable energy usually amplifies its disadvantages thus making ignorant people oppose it too. Conclusion A lot of investments have been made in renewable energy sector. This sector is potentially posed to prevent and reduce various negative impacts associated with fossil fuels. Renewable energy systems also play a key role in reducing climate change, especially global warming. By analyzing different issues associated with renewable energy systems, it becomes easier to establish ways of improving these systems. With proper formulation of policies to govern production, distribution and use of renewable energy, the global population will enjoy a series of benefits, including being connected to power cost effectively, improved health, improved air quality and they will avoid the irreversible and dangerous climate change. References: Akella A.K., Saini, R.P. Sharma M.P., February 2009, Social, economic and environmental impacts of renewable energy systems, Renewable Energy Journal, Vol. 34, Issue 2, pp. 390-396. Amin A.Z., May 27, 2016, The Economics of Renewable Energy: Falling Costs and Rising Employment, viewed September 6, 2016, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/adnan-z-amin/the-economics-of-renewabl_b_7452996.html David et al., 2002, Renewable Energy: Current and Potential Issues, BioScience, Vol. 52, Issue 12, pp. 1111-1120. David Timmons, Jonathan M. Harris and Brian Roach, 2014, The Economics of Renewable Energy. Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University. Green Rhino Energy, 2016, Economics of Renewable Energy Plants. Green Rhino Energy Limited, viewed September 6, 2016, https://www.greenrhinoenergy.com/renewable/context/economics.php International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 2015, Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review 2015. IRENA. Joseph K. C. Chan, 2005, Technical Guidelines on Grid Connection of Small-scale Renewable Energy Power Systems. Power Symposium, IEE Hong Kong Branch. Polycity, 2006, Sustainable Energy Systems: Report on Energy Efficient and Renewable Energy Systems Planning and Recommendations for their Successful Application. Rolf Wustenhagen, Maarten Wolsink, and Mary Jean Burer, May 2007, Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept, Energy Policy, Vol. 35, Issue 5, pp. 2683-2691. Select Committee on Economic Affairs, 2008, The Economics of Renewable Energy. House of Lords, Volume 1: Report. Union of Concerned Scientists, March 5, 2013, Environmental Impacts of Solar Power, viewed September 6, 2016, https://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-solar-power.html Unions of Concerned Scientists, March 5, 2013, Environmental Impacts of Wind Power, viewed September 6, 2016, https://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-wind-power.html#.V84sXibfrIU

Sustainability program implementation

Passive Smoking Essays - Smoking, Passive Smoking, Tar, Cigarette

Passive Smoking Essays - Smoking, Passive Smoking, Tar, Cigarette Passive Smoking What is secondhand smoke? Secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. This mixture contains more than 4,000 substances, more than 40 of which are known to cause cancer in humans or animals and many of which are strong irritants. Secondhand smoke is also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); exposure to secondhand smoke is called involuntary smoking, or passive smoking. Passive smoking artery damage partially heals Damage to the lining of arteries of young adults caused by passive smoking partially heals 2 years after the exposure to smoke, but the artery lining is still not as healthy as the arteries of people who had never beenexposed to smoke. 60 young adults, all nonsmokers, between the ages of 15 and 39 were used as essential data for further analysis. Twenty had never been exposed to tobacco smoke at home or in the workplace for any amount of time. Another group of 20 had been passively exposed for at least 1 hour per day for 2 or more years. A third group of 20 had been exposed to smoke at home, work, or both for at least 1 hour per day for 2 years. The researchers found that dilation of the blood vessels was much better in former passive smokers than in current passive smokers, although both groups were impaired compared with nonsmoking controls. Not surprisingly, former passive smokers who had been away from smoky environments longer had better arterial function than those who had been exposed to passive smoking as recently as 2 years prior to the study. Passive smoking has been consistently linked to an increased risk for coronary heart disease and may be responsible for more than 30 cardiovascular deaths annually in the US alone, the researchers note. Secosndhand smoke is a serious health risk to children. The developing lungs of young children are also affected by exposure to secondhand smoke. Infants and young children whose parents smoke are among the most seriously affected by exposure to secondhand smoke, being at increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis. EPA estimates that passive smoking is responsible for between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age annually, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year. Children exposed to secondhand smoke are also more likely to have reduced lung function and symptoms of respiratory irritation like cough, excess phlegm, and wheeze. Passive smoking can lead to buildup of fluid in the middle ear, the most common cause of hospitalization of children for an operation. Asthmatic children are especially at risk. EPA estimates that exposure to secondhand smoke increases the number of episodes and severity of symptoms in hundreds of thousands of asthmatic children. EPA estimates that between 200,000 and 1,000,000 asthmatic children have their condition made worse by exposure to secondhand smoke. Passive smoking may also cause thousands of non-asthmatic children to develop the condition each year. Pregnant women should be strongly encouraged to avoid spending time in places where people smoke, as u denoted from all the reasearch I've gone through. There was a survey made to see weather women have been exposed to passive smoking at home or at work. Women completed a questionnaire about exposure to passive smoking, then researches analyzed the data, they saw hat out of one thousand women which have given birth before and at the same time were exposed to second hand smoking, 70 women had babies with physical and/or mental disabilities. Cigarette smoke can damage your heart even if youu aren't a smoker. Research shows that the second-hand smoke that many people are exposed to is enough to produce damage to their cardiovasscular system. Researchers identsified carbon monoxide and nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke that increases the risk of heart disease. Here are a couple of examples. First, the carbon monoxide competes with oxygen in the red blood cells. It not only reduces the amount of oxygen in the heart, it also makes the heart use oxygen less efficiently. Researchers say exposure to second-hand smoke causes between 30,000 and 60,000 fatal heart attacks each year and between 90,000 and 180,000 non-fatal heart attacks. Researchers claim exposure to second-hand

History of New York City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of New York City - Essay Example Most of the names drawn were that of Irish people, whose opposition to the Civil War became all the more pronounced in 1863. The blacks were exempted from this enlistment. This is what triggered the Draft Riots in 1863. The Irish men foresaw the 'freeing of slaves' as detrimental to their work, position and power. The liberated slaves of the south would now occupy the northern markets as cheap labor and take the place of the Irish men. This was one of the major factors, which made the Irish anti-abolitionists. The violent Irish would do anything to safeguard their low wage jobs. New York was the epicenter of the Draft Riots in the year 1863. (Burrows and Wallace, 883). The angry rioters burnt down several buildings on the Third Avenue, Lexington Avenue and 52nd Street. The violent outbursts affected the businesses and properties of many. The attack on the Steinways & Son factory was one such case, which is hardly dwelt upon in previous accounts of the Draft Riots. An Irish settlement near Central Park was burnt down. Fighting continued into the next day on the 1st and 2nd Avenues and 21st street. Some vehicles were seen on the road. A few shops also resumed their services. A large military unit comprising 6000 soldiers combined with a thunderstorm weakened the force of the rioters to a great extent. Peace was restored on July 17th with a speech by the Archbishop Hughes's to mark the occasion. The death toll estimated was approximately 119 and 195 were reported injured. Steinway & son The mass migration which took place in the 19th century saw a major inflow of people from European countries to New York and the United States of America. One such family was that of Steinways. (Steinway: Immigration, Family Business, Neighborhood. A New York Story, 2001). The Zollverein was formed in 1834 to encourage free trade. Most of the German states joined the Zollverein. Owing to tariffs on iron and textile goods, the north-western German states refrained from joining. This hit the Steinways (known as Steinweg then) and other manufacturers hard, as they were required to pay heavy duties for transporting their goods to the north. In the middle of the 1850's, the infected potato crop in Ireland had a disastrous impact on German crops. Agricultural decline, agitation, and a poor economy led many Germans to seek for better opportunities in America. (Lieberman, 35-37) With stricter regulations on trade, the piano making business of the Steinways suffered much and they decided to leave their village Seesen in Germany for America. Charles, one of the sons of Henry E. Steinway, left for America in 1849. With trade and business becoming all the more difficult and the failed February Revolution of 1848, in which Charles participated, the decision to leave for America became indispensable. (Ehrlich, 48) The development of various shipping companies and cheaper travel fares in the 19th century had brought many people to America. A cultural and manufacturing hub of America, New York attracted many immigrants, amongst which Steinway's family deserves special mention. A leading center of piano production, New York held a lot of promise for the Steinways. This was the

Greenhouse Business Challenge and Carbon Footprint - Australia Assignment

Greenhouse Business Challenge and Carbon Footprint - Australia - Assignment Example The paper "Greenhouse Business Challenge and Carbon Footprint – Australia" explores the environmental issues connected with the threats arising from carbon footprints. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and other equivalent gases are very harmful to the environment. The combined effect of such gases is called carbon footprints. This is a very important area of concern for the world. In countries like Australia where the majority of national income is generated from oil, petroleum and mining industry, carbon footprint is a serious matter of discussion. One of the largest oil and petroleum gas producing company of Australia called Woodside has also taken several voluntary as well as cost-effective measures to reduce emission rate of their business. Woodside considers customised emission reduction plans for each of their project plans. They have emission reduction strategies and models for their different projects. Companies such as BP have also taken measures like implanting solar plants for installing solar panels. It has decided to supply electricity to its retail stores through these solar energy generated electricity. The government of Australia has also taken strict measures imposing carbon tax on companies to limit their carbon emission. Companies are disappointed through such policy because the carbon tax is not fixed and this would affect the revenue of the company. So it would be recommended that the government of Australia can revise the rate of carbon tax for the country.

Change management in a police organisation

Change management in a police organisation This essay will analyse a change management situation in a police organisation, namely Strathclyde Police and will compare two approaches to leadership which could be used in the situation and select a suitable approach, drawing a reasoned conclusion on why it is likely to be effective in the situation. The two approaches to leadership under examination will be The Traits Approach and the Contingency Approach. It will select two different inter-personal skills, namely influencing and negotiating, which a leader could use and draw conclusions on how each skill could contribute to the effectiveness of a leader. Finally this essay will use relevant concepts to analyse the role of a leader and suggest and justify actions which a leader could take to ensure all aspects of change are effectively implemented, in doing so this essay will look at such methods as change implementers, Force Field Analysis and PESTEL analysis. Firstly, we must answer the question, what is the difference between leaders and managers? The leader is followed. The manager rules The Difference between Management and Leaders (online) Available at http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/MENG/ME96/Documents/Intro/leader.html (accessed April 2010) This is a very simplistic definition that portrays an image of a leader making a stand and being followed, through choice by his subordinates or fellow workers whereas with management, subordinates have no choice but to follow him. Kotter (1990) argued that managers and leaders each have three main tasks but they undertake and complete them in entirely different ways. These tasks are: deciding what needs to be done, creating networks of people and relationships that can accomplish the agenda and trying to ensure that people actually do the job. However, Kotter goes on to say that managers and leaders deal with these tasks differently. Zaleznik (1977) thereafter identified 4 areas which followed on from Kotters ideas whereby managers and leaders differed. They are as follows; attitudes towards goals, conceptions of work, relations with others and senses of self, leaders when compared to managers appear to adopt a more personal role. Prentice (1961) stated Leaders achieve goals through their understanding of their fellow workers and their relationships of their individual goals to the groups aim. It should also be noted that managers can be leaders and vice versa. APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP There are a number of approaches to leadership and this essay will focus on the Contingency Approach and the Traits Approach. The Contingency approach was a continuation of Tannenbaum and Schmidts Continuum of Leadership. It believed that there was not one single style of leadership which was appropriate for every situation a leader could face. Instead the contingency Approach argued that good leadership was dependant upon the situation at hand. The Contingency Theory is to analyse the situation you currently face and select the most appropriate style to deal with the circumstances. This will require the leader to adjust their managerial style with every situation they face. In a policing sense, no two situations faced by a leader will ever be identical and as such no two solutions will be the same. Therefore, a leader within the police service must be able to be fluid in his approach and be able to take cognisance of the situation at hand and be willing to change to deal with it. Situations and circumstances faced by police officers are also ever changing; a solution which was possible one minute earlier may no longer be suitable. Fiedlers (1967) argued that the behaviour of leaders rested on three main factors, known as Fiedlers Contingency model. The factors were; Leader Member relations, this involves the amount of trust between the leader and subordinate and how far team members were willing to follow their leader. Task Structure this covers the extent to which the task is clearly defined and whether there are standard procedures for carrying out the task and the power of the leader for example the power of the leader within the organisation and how they could influence team members. Another mode of the Contingency Theory is Situational Leadership by Hersey and Blanchard (1988) in this form, leadership style takes cognisance of the extent team members are ready to perform a task. There are 4 levels of readiness named R1, R2, R3 and R4. In a policing environment, the follower in R1 could be described as a probationer whereby the follower is unable or unwilling or unable and insecure to follow the task, R2 could be a less competent police officer who is wiling to carryout the task and confident in doing so but is unable to carry it out to the required standard, R3 could be the police officer who is able but unwilling or able but insecure, who perhaps lacks confidence in his own ability, whereas R4 is able, willing and confident in carrying out the task and could be described in a policing term as a senior man figure. Willingness refers to the followers commitment and motivation whereas as insecurity refers to team members who lack confidence in their ability. Hersey and Blanchard state there are two dimensions of leader behaviour, one of which denotes the amount of direction given by the leader to the followers, the other is how much support they offer their followers. There are four leadership styles derived from this which are S1, S2, S3 and S4. S1 is telling or directing little support is offered by the leader but he does offer a great deal of advice and direction. S2 is selling or coaching whereby the leader displays a lot of directing and supporting behaviour as well as support by telling followers what to do and offering them support and encouragement. S3 participating or supporting, the leader gives little direction but offers a lot of encouragement and support by way of communication with team members. S4 delegating, the leader does little in the way of supporting or directing. Different people will react differently to different forms of leadership, and a leader should tailor his style to the individual person he is directing. The Traits Approach argues that there are specific qualities associated with Leadership, whereby leaders can be differentiated from others by the possession of specific characteristics or traits. It is based on the assumption that leaders are born and not made and therefore you can not learn to be a leader but are born with these traits. Many people have attempted to conjure up a definitive list of personal qualities or traits that these great leaders possess. Typical traits include self-confidence, initiative, enthusiasm, integrity, decisiveness, judgement and imagination. The problem with the Traits approach is that it proved impossible to come up with a definite set of traits that could be applied to leadership. It also became apparent in research that successful leaders often had different personalities and traits. As a result of these short comings the Traits Approach fell into disfavour, however, the idea of successful leaders possessing certain qualities is still in survival. INTER-PERSONAL SKILLS AND LEADERSHIP Successful and effective leaders and managers require a range of interpersonal skills. Two particular aspects of inter-personal skills are Influencing trying to get someone to do or think something that they might not have ordinarily done and negotiating making a bargain with others to arrive at a mutually acceptable outcome. This essay will look at these two skills in more detail and draw conclusions on how these skills could contribute to the effectiveness of a leader. It should be noted that these two skills overlap each other however this essay will deal with them as separate entities. Influencing can be said to be the critical skill hat a leader must possess. Influencing is the process in which one person gets another person to do something. There are methods which a leader can use to exert influence, these are known as influence strategies, and there are 6 different ways of classifying influencing strategies Reason, assertion, exchange, courting favour, partnership and coercion. Within a policing environment Reason is probably used most often, whereby using reasoned and logical arguments to convince someone to act or think in accordance with the influencer. Another less positive action used within the police service would be coercion which is using or threatening to use some kind of sanction, either a positive or negative sanction. An example of this would be when Strathclyde police wished to implement a new shift system known as VSA, there was a lot of unhappiness and a refusal to change. As such Strathclyde officers were informed if they did not agree to VSA they would be put back on a very old shift pattern of 7 earlies, 7 lates and 7 nights which was worse than the proposed VSA, as such the Strathclyde officers reluctantly accepted the VSA shifts. Of the 6 influencing strategies all of them except coercion would be classed as pull strategies which mean that they aim to persuade or pull the other party into accepting what the influencer wants. Coercion is a push strategy which means pushing the other party into accepting. The second inter-personal skill we will look at is negotiating. Negotiating is a process of bargaining, the end result is where all the parties involved come to an agreement. Negotiating is a way of resolving differences between people of which there are two factors which can have a considerable effect on negotiations these are, the stages in the negotiating process and negotiating behaviours. The ideal outcome in any negotiation is Win Win this is where both parties win from the negotiations. However there is also Win Lose whereby one party loses and lose lose where both parties are worse off than before they started. There may be situations when the result is a Lose Lose situation where to reach an agreement both parties must compromise and give something up Fisher and Ury (1981) came up with a method called BATNA which stands for Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement. BATNA is where a leader chooses not to negotiate if the outcome was to lead to a less favourable outcome than they had hoped for or accept an outcome they feel is unsatisfactory. There are four main processes of negotiation and they aim for a Win Win outcome, these are; preparation, opening phase, getting movement to reach agreement and closing the negotiation. Good negotiators must also adopt behaviours which aid and help negotiations and lose traits which may hinder them. Good negotiators are clear on what they want to achieve and of the final outcome, they are flexible and not tied to one particular outcome and will consider other outcomes and ideas and they work towards a Win Win situation. In a policing sense, negotiations take place between the Police Federation in an internal and external fashion, an external negotiation could be with the Government or an internal negotiations could take place between the Police Federation and Senior Officers. Managers or leaders on a shift may have to negotiate with leaders of other shifts in the same office in order to look after their own staff, an example of this is a local agreement between supervisors that officers attending at work to go to court on their day off get to go home if the shift on duty has adequate numbers and it is not overly busy on their return from court. This is a Win Win situation for all involved. Another example of successful negotiations is CID officers allowing uniformed officers to borrow their unmarked police vehicles when they have spares and all marked cars are being used on the proviso that uniformed officers wash the unmarked CID cars on a Sunday early shift! THE ROLE OF LEADERS IN ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE All organisations have to respond to changes in society, changes in government and changes within society, the police service is no different. Richard Daft (1993) defines organisational change as The adoption of a new idea or behaviour by an organisation it can also be describes as Closing the gap, moving an organisation from its original state to a desired future state because there is a gap between where the organisation is at the moment and where it wants to be and change is needed to fill this gap. Kanter et al (1992) said that different people play different roles in organisational change. There are three different type of people; change strategists or initiators, those who initiate change and set direction for it, these people are normally leaders, there are change implementers those who co-ordinate and carry out the change and are normally managers and change recipients those affected by the change. Organisational change can take place on both a large scale and small scale. Senior (2002) identifies four main types of change; Fine tuning where minor changes are made to ongoing processes, incremental change this involves small scale modifications such as introducing new technology, an example of an incremental change in the police could be the addition of AIRWAVE, modular transformation is a major change centred on one or more departments or divisions such as the recent transformation in Strathclyde police where Divisions and Sub divisions were reshuffled which done away with E and C division and created new sub-divisions throughout the force to bring the beats and sub divisions in line with local council wards, and finally Corporate Transformation which involves a change in the whole organisation, perhaps the appointment of a new Chief Constable to a force or in Strathclyde police the creation of the Major Crime and Terrorism Investigation Unit as a direct response to the Glasg ow airport terror incident. There are different levels of change within an organisation, it can occur at individual, group or the whole organisation. The higher the level of change the harder and longer it will take to implement. Force Field Analysis and was devised in the 1950s by Kurt Lewin and is a technique used far analysing internal and external pressures that can influence any organisational change. It takes cognisance of both forces which may promote change and those which may oppose change. It is more often used in large scale transformative change. The idea of Force Field Analysis is that there will be forces for and against change. Where these forces are equal there will be no change in the organisation. This is called equilibrium. However, change will take place when the driving forces exceed the resisting forces. The advantages of Force field analysis are; it helps to identify all the forces that impact change, it highlights the fact that some forces may be stronger than others, it helps access whether or not an organisation is ready for change, it can be a quick and simple way of assessing whether a suggested change would be a success and it can be used as a guide to action. The disadvantages are it is subjective and it relies on who carries out the force filed analysis, it can be imprecise as the strength of a force can not be accurately judged and it is a snap shot at a point of time and by the time it is implemented it can be out of date. External forces which could lead to an organisational change can be identified using a PESTEL analysis which takes into account the following factors, Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural, technological, Environmental and Legal, however, no such analysis tool exists for internal forces. There can be a lot of resistance to change, the 4 main reasons are; parochial self interest, misunderstanding or lack of trust, different assessments and low tolerance to change. In a policing organisation the biggest resistance could be parochial self interest which means that people resist change as they believe that their position could be at threat and that they will lose out, another example would be misunderstanding or lack of trust, subordinates in the police can be very wary of senior management and may distrust or misunderstand the reasons for change. This can be as a result of a lack of communication between the parties involved. However such resistance can be overcome by education and communication and participation and involvement to name but a few. CONCLUSION To conclude, I feel that the traits approach to leadership is not very valid and suggests that a leader is born and does not learn how to become a leader, the qualities associated with the traits approach are very much needed by a manger in order to lead so there is some benefit to this approach. The contingency approach shows us that not one single style of leadership will suit every situation and that you must be able and willing to change. Situational leadership goes on to show that a leader must also be aware of the skills his officers possess and tailor the advice he offers them to their level, some officers may require more help and guidance than others and a leader must be aware of this. Both influencing and negotiating are vital interpersonal skills for any leader to have but both can be used for negative reasons such as influencing and negotiating another to accept a deal which is unfair to them and a leader must try and not fall into this trap. In order for any organisation to succeed in the future it must move to close any gaps a good tool for any leader to utilise when closing the gap is force field analysis there can be resistance to change but there are many ways in which a leader can move to remove this resistance with the use of education, involvement negotiation and agreement.

Case: Erik Peterson Essay

Do you think Erik Peterson was an effective leader? Why or why not? I do think Erik Peterson was an effective leader. Erik Peterson was definitely represented good leadership from every aspect of his work. Though at the very beginning, there were a great many problems exsiting in the GMCT and had negative effective on operating, Erik Peterson was trying his best to solve these problems and to some extend, gain some outcomes which revealed Erik Peterson was an effective leader. First Erik Peterson found the chief engineer, Curt Andrews, had a plenty of problems. Erik Peterson noticed that Curt Andrews was lack of administration skills which were required to start up new operation. Erik Peterson made every effort to solve Curt’s problem, such as replaced Curt by someone more capacitive in this position. Eventually, to help Curt improve the planning and coordination, Erik Peterson held one-on-one counseling sessions to show Curt how to plan better. Erik Peterson showed good leadership for the reason that Erik Peterson’s work-facilitation behavior indicated that Erik Peterson was willing to provide mentoring, coaching and counseling to assist employees in developing their skills. Also, Erik Peiterson believed high moral and understanding would encourage people to work as a team and participate more in organization, thus, he held meeting every week in order to let employee to communication and exchange of ideas. Under the Leader- Member exchange Model of Leadership, it was the so called â€Å"in group exchange†. Most employees said the meeting was effective, they found from the meeting, they developed respect, mutual trust and a sense of common partnership. This kind of leadership was effective, employees tended to increase job satisfaction and build more trust for company and coworkers. From the part â€Å"key personnel assignments† we could conclude that Erik Peterson was kind of transactional leadership. He clarified employee’s role, such as he found that Trevor Burns was very bright, knowledgeable and sophisticated and assign him in the management group of GMCT. He found the out what people’s the capacity and strength was and assigned them to the right position. This definitely increased efficiency of the daily work. Meanwhile, Erik Peterson gave positive rewards —-promotion for his secretary based on her good performance on work. As to the salary problem of Trevor Burns, Erik Peterson showed the empathy which was an essential part of emotional intelligence according to the article â€Å"what makes a leader†. Erik Peterson felt uncomfortable when he was hearing Trevor’s salary was 25% less because he believed Trevor deserved it. Then Erik Peterson had a conversation with Trevor concerning the decrease and Trevor, finally accepted the cut of 20%. Erik Peterson was thoughtfully and considering employee’s feeling-along with other factors –in the process of making intelligent decisions. After noticing the initial construction of cellular the not that GMCT’s relationship with four of the towns in the license area, Erik Peterson made every effort to solve these problems. At the same time, Erik Peterson revealed self-aware during his work, which was another important part of emotional intelligence. Erik Peterson recognized the problems about the local utility in getting it to make ready its telephone lines according to the promised schedule. What’s more, Erik Peterson realized the bad relationship between Curt and Trevor. Feeling unable to deal with these problems, Erik Peterson was looking forward to talk with Knight who w the executive to figure out the solution to the problems.. Erik Peterson knew when to ask for help. Also, he had a firm grasp of himself and he would not let him overstretching the assignment. Knight arranged a two day meeting with Erik Peterson, discussing the problems Erik Peterson were facing in his organization. This process may stated in the article â€Å"tipping point leadership† as breaking through the cognitive hurdle. From the meeting, Erik Peterson provided Knight, the executive with the opportunity to had a face-to-face with the problems. In this case, Erik Peterson may be more likely to get help from Knight since Knight might get a profoudining understanding of how serious the problems were and gave Erik Peterson support to overcome these problems in the organization.

Characteristics of Philosophical Reasoning

How is the use of reasoning into the framework of my thesis research plan? Answer . a. Characteristics of Philosophical Reasoning Before directly answering the questions above, I'll describe a little understanding of philosophical reasoning itself. According JuJunSuriasumantri, Reasoning is a thinking process in drawing a conclusion in the form of knowledge. So reasoning is the thinking process started from empirical observation that produces a number of concepts and understanding. As an activity of thinking reasoning has certain haracteristics.The first feature is a logical thought process, which is defined as logical thinking activities according to certain patterns or in other words according to certain logic. The second characteristic is the nature of the analytical thinking process. Analytic properties are the consequence of the existence of a certain thought pattern. The analysis is essentially an activity of thinking based on certain measures. Also according to JintutNocturna, the characteristics of reasoning that is thorough, fundamental, and speculative. The nature of its thinking is comprehensive.A philosopher does not know the content of science is only from the perspective of science itself, but they wanted to see the nature of science in the perspective of others. They wanted to connect science with other aspects. They wanted to know the relation of science to morals and regard science with religion. They wanted to believe what science knows that can bring benefit or not. That is the idea that broad because it does not have limit itself and not Just in terms of one particular viewpoint. Thought philosophical want to know the relationship between sciences with others science, relationships between moral cience, art and life goals.The nature of its thinking is fundamental. A philosopher does not believe it the truth the knowledge gained. They were always in doubt and questioning: Why science can be called the true? How the assessment process based on these criteria is? Is the criterion true? Then what is its own right? Like a circle and any questions always arise continuously. That is, thinking until the results of a fundamental or essential objectscan be learned for all the rationale and scientific value. So, do not Just stop at peripheries(skin), but penetrating into its depths. The ature of its thinking is speculative.Philosophers speculate on the truth. Speculative nature of it, is also a philosopher continue to test and then gave birth to a knowledge and can answer the question of the validity of the trust. Based on the characteristics is an activity that uses the potential for the widest possible sense and freely without being limited by anything radically, systematically, universal and comprehensive as well as speculative and fundamental in revealing the nature of a truth. It is the ideas obtained and provide a basis for further thinking. The results of its thought were lways intended as a basis for exploring a new area of knowledge.Based on characteristics of the philosophy of the above , it can be concluded that philosophy is an activity that uses the broadest reasonable potential and freely without being restricted by anything radically,sistematic universal , comprehensive and non- speculative and fundamental in nature reveals the truth . That is, the ideas that come form the basis for further thoughts . The results of his thought was always intended as a basis for exploring new areas of knowledge. In the preparation of the thesis , ust be based on scientific studies that can be proven.Scientific knowledge is based A. Ontology Ontology is a branch of philosophy that talks about that there . In terms of science , the foundation of ontology questioned about objects that can be studied by science , what its essential form , and how it relates to human perception such as thinking , feeling , and clicking sense led to knowledge. Ontology is the study of objects that are not visible on one particular embodiment , which discusses that there are universal , that is trying to find a core that is loaded every fact which encompasses all of reality n all its forms .The existence of all things is an aspect of reality that transcends all differences between the objects and living beings , between the types and individuals . Of the discussion raises some views that are grouped into multiple streams of thought namely Materialism Flow is said that the essence of everything that exists is matter . Something there ( le material ) may only born there. Idealism(spiritualism) This stream replied weaknesses of materialism , which says that it is precisely the nature of spiritual beings (spiritual ) . Is the idea that spiritual world is more real han the material .Dualism The flow of material and wanted to unite the ideas , which argues that the essence of beings ( the fact ) in this universe is composed of two sources , namely the material and the spiritual Agnosticism This flow is the opinion o f the philosophers who take a skeptical attitude , which is free of any answers that may be true and it may not. B. Epistemology Object study epistemology is questioning how something is coming and how to find out, how to differentiate with others . So with regard to the circumstances of time and space about something .Epistemological foundation is what allows the process of getting knowledge of logic , ethics , aesthetics , and the procedure how to obtain scientific truth , moral goodness and beauty of art , and what is the definition . Examines moral epistemology about the epistemic evaluation of moral Judgment and moral theories. In epistemology appears multiple streams of thought,namely : Meaningful experience ( emperies ) , where human knowledge acquired from sensory experience . Rationalism Without denying the huge benefits of sensory experiences in human life , but the erception of the senses is only used to stimulate the intellect .So the sense is above the sensory experienc e and emphasize the deductive method. Positivism A synthesis of empiricism and rationalism . By taking the point of departure from empiricism , but have sharpened the experiment , which is able to objectively determine the validity and reliability of knowledge . Intuitionism Intuition is not the same as feeling , however, is the result of understanding the evolution of high that only human . The ability to understand the full truth , which is fixed and unique . C. Axiology Axiology is the philosophical value . This aspect is related to the value of the (1 ) good and bad , and (2) beautiful and ugly .The first category of category : value under the study of philosophy called ethics or behavior , while the second category is the object of the study of philosophy or aesthetic beauty. Ethics also called moral philosophy ethics ( moral philosophy) , which comes from the word ethos ( Greek ) which means character . Moral derived from the word mos or mores ( Latin ) which means habit . In the Indonesian term is defined moral or ethical decency . Material object of ethics is human behavior or actions , being the object of a formal ethics is good or bad , moral or immoral. Human morality is the object of study ethic that has aged very long .Since human society is formed , which is in accordance with the behavioral issues of morality have been discussed . Associated with it , then came two theories that explain how a behavior that can be measured ethically . The theory in question is Deontological and Theological . a. Deontological . Deontological theories inspired by the thought of Immanuel Kant , who seem rigid , onservative and preserve the status quo , which states that the merits of a behavior is assessed in terms of the act itself , and not the result . A good behavior if that behavior fit the existing norms . b.Theological Theological theory more emphasizing results . A piece of good behavior if the behavior is much more profitable than harm , where gains and los ses are seen from the indicators of human interest . This theory raises two views , namely egoism and utilitarianism ( utilisme ) . People who teach is Jeremy Bentham (1742 – 1832) , which is then corrected by John Stuart Mill ( 1806-1873 ) . ?Aesthetics Aesthetics are also called beauty philosophy ( philosophy of beauty) , which is derived from the word aisthetika or aisthesis ( Greek ) which means that the things that can be perceived by the senses or sensory perception .Discuss aesthetic issues related to critical reflection on values over something called Indak or not beautiful . On the way from the era of ancient Greek philosophy until now appears the question of aesthetics , namely : what is the question that beauty , the beauty that is both objective and subjective , the beauty of the size , the role of beauty in human life and he beauty of the relationship with the truth .So the question was being debated attractive especially if it is associated with religion and the values of decency , because they never reach completion. b. How to Use On Such reasoning In My Thesis Research Plan? From the description of the reasoning characteristics above can be described that in scientific research on my thesis should refer to the three scientific studies that can be proved. Scientific knowledge based on ontology, Epistemology and Axiology.In this case I plan on studying†The Use of Portfolio Assessment in English Language Course of Samarinda Polytechnic Students† In this case, first of all I relate my research to the study of ontology in relation to science, the foundation of ontology questioned about the objects studied by science, how is the essential form, and how it relates to human perception in the form of thinking, feeling, and senses that produce the knowledge.Here, I will review first the definition of the assessment itself, including the types of assessment that exist in the world of education, then I describe of these species leads to the portfolio assessment and its definition. After that I gave evidence o the theory of portfolio assessment that has been around for examples of this include also the terms of portfolio assessment itself. After reviewing the terms of ontology, I will review my research in terms of epistemology.ObJect of the study in epistemology is questioning how something is coming and how to find out, how to distinguish with the other. So this part will deal with regard to the circumstances of space and time about something. The cornerstone of epistemology is what is the process to get the knowledge by logic, ethics, aesthetics, and the procedure and how o obtain scientific truth, moral goodness also beauty of art, and what the definition. Epistemic moral of epistemology examines the evaluation of moral judgments andmoral theories.From the foundation of epistemology above, I can describe my research on these processes in which this study took place during the assessment was given in one semester and then the results are measured from the students who follow courses in English. From the view of epistemology, my scientific research shows how the sequence of events and portfolio assessment process was ut in place, and inside there are also barriers faced by faculty and students in the provision of portfolio assessment and also the excess deficiency.Assessment indicators are also included in the review epistemology which I will discuss in my research. The third study that will be entered in my thesis that scientific research based on the view of Axiology. Axiology is the philosophical value. Aspects of this value is related to the following categories: (1) good and bad, and (2) beautiful and ugly. The first category of value under the study of philosophy called ethics or ehavior, while the second category is an object of the study of philosophy or aesthetic beauty.In relation to my thesis of scientific research, which involves study of axiology or the value of research results to the people, in this case the use of portfolios can provide benefits and can be used in the assessing of English language and be reviewed again if it can increase the score of the English language Samarinda Polytechnic Students. In addition, my research is certainly has the weaknesses that can be added to further research in subsequent studies, so that the value and enefits of this research is philosophically continues to grow and not static at one JuJun S, Suriasumantri, Filsafat Ilmu, Sebuah Pengantar Populer.

Vanessa and Disegregated Schools - 1193 Words

â€Å".... I would have liked to have experienced the all black school, I enjoy my people.† Vanessa Warren is addressing the integration of the public schools in the late 1960’s. Warren was born on January 17, 1958 in Lancaster, Kentucky to Madison and Anna Warren. Her father worked in a sewage treatment plant and her mother worked as cafeteria worker in the public schools. Vanessa Warren started attending school the year of integration in the Garrard County school system, while her two older sisters had the opportunity to attend the segregated schools. There is a common belief that all African Americans wanted to wanted complete integration from public water fountains to public school systems. In the south the father racism outside of racism were Jim Crow laws, his son was â€Å"separate but equal†. This gave birth to the idea of legal segregation. The idea of a separate but equal society had been deemed acceptable by the United States Supreme Court case of Ple ssy v. Ferguson. However, as seen with Warren’s statement this is was not necessarily the case. In the 1980’s a perpetuation theory was developed that examined the probable cause for this anti-desegregation thinking within some African American students. The perpetuation theory is based around the idea of African Americans perpetually segregating themselves from a lack experience in a desegregated environment. In the absence of this knowledge these students begin to underestimate and overestimate the hostility of